Coccidioidomycosis Valley Fever Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Coccidioidomycosis Valley Fever - Research Paper Example It is spread through the air when its spores are upset by wind. It is evaluated that 150,000 diseases happen every year in the US, albeit generally 50% of this don't present any indications. The organism is found in South America, Central America, Mexico, and South Western US since these zones climate conditions and residue that considers the development of Coccidioides. Individuals get this ailment when they breathe in dust that contains the spores of this organism. This spores spread into the air when residue containing the growth experiences aggravation through development work, burrowing, or solid breezes (Williams 41). The disease is difficult to forestall, and no immunization exists at present, despite the fact that endeavors towards its advancement are proceeding. This exploration paper looks to utilize diary articles and boos to talk about the study of disease transmission, pathogenesis, types, analysis, treatment, confusions, and use in natural fighting of Coccidioidomycosis . Locale of Primary Location The guide gave beneath shows territories in the Americas where mass testing has uncovered valley fever as an endemic sickness. Observing the way that 66% of cases in the United States are found in Arizona with Tucson and Phoenix being the most influenced is fundamental. In California, the endemic zone is Kern County (Tabor 27). There are likewise territories of high endemic events in Northwestern Mexico, South America, and Central America. What's more, it has been known for natural conditions to spread spores across many miles and cause contamination. The mass testing that recognized the essential regions has not been done again for over 50 years. Valley fever is limited to America with an approximated 150,000 contaminations consistently with the disease rates in the remainder of the Americas at present obscure (Tabor 27). Around 25,000 new cases yearly in the US lead to ~75 passings every year. There are intermittent pestilences with case numbers ascend ing in Arizona, which might be identified with individuals moving there. Outside of the United States, the most influenced countries are Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, Guatemala, and Mexico. (Williams 18) Epidemiology Valley fever is restricted to zones that lie somewhere in the range of 400N and 400S. The life form is especially bolstered by dry and dusty soils in the lower sonaran life zone. Frequencies of the organism’s event increments altogether in periods where there is overwhelming precipitation followed by dry periods (Einstein and Catanzaro 23). The parasite is known to taint dominant part of the well evolved creatures, particularly felines, canines, and people. Species, for example, marine warm blooded animals like the ocean otter, llamas, and domesticated animals have been seen as particularly powerless against the valley fever growth. Pathogenesis The valley fever growth exists as fibers in lab conditions and soil. Cells that are found inside the hyphae, after some time, savage and structure arthroconidia that are barrel molded cells (Stevens 1079). These cells are light in weight and are moved by wind where they are effectively inhalable sans information on the person. When these cells show up in the individual’s alveoli, they become bigger, creating inner septations, whose structure is alluded to as spherule and form into endospores. When these spherules break, the endosperms are discharged with the cycle being rehashed, spreading a neighborhood contamination. The knobs that now and again structure around the spherules could burst, and their substance discharged, into the bronchus, to frame holes with slim dividers. These pits prompted persevering hacks, haemoptysis, and chest torment (Stevens 1079). In individuals whose invulnerability is undermined, this disease could spread through the vascular framework. Introduction Valley fever will in general copy atypical

Why is Human Resource Management Important Essay

For what reason is Human Resource Management Important - Essay Example This paper talks about that in the worldwide business condition, it is difficult to have innovation, hardware or procedures which are not accessible with an organizations contenders. In any case, even in the most innovative and completely computerized offices, it’s the expertise of workers and their responsibility which will in general make the upper hand. Each effective organization has at any rate at least one upper hand that is factors which empowers the organization to separate its items and administrations from that of its rivals and in a manner increment the piece of the pie. For instance, Apple imaginative representatives will in general produce inventive items. Southwest Airlines is the minimal effort pioneer with successful business approaches which roused the work power. Upper hand is the new point of view catchphrase of HRM and business which is predominantly accomplished by association through its representatives. This assists with fortifying the worth and signific ance for human asset arranging, remuneration, enlistment and choice, assorted variety the executives and others sorts of human asset rehearses. Organizations esteem the workers as rate of profitability and not simply cost which is to be borne by the business. The favorable position is consequently gotten from formal reshaping and revamping as well as for preparing and skill which is made accessible to the association. The versatility by the representatives permits the association to have vital adaptability alongside the dedication of the workers to the marketable strategy of the association and their objectives are different advantages of the upper hand for an organisation.... mployees are probably going to give astounding work which consequently increases the value of the association; with sound worker connection it urges financial specialists to purchase offers and raise assets for the organization; the assets of the association are utilized in the best manner through enlistment of the best individuals; the hierarchical culture will in general be progressively helpful for quality execution; change can be handily actualized and the center abilities of the association are improved just as reinforce (Simms, 2005, p.8). As per inquire about, it has been demonstrated that with HRM rehearses a firm can have a solid effect over upper hand. Number of studies has indicated the connections between HR practices and benefits. An investigation directed by Chris Ryan has established that there exists a connection between the HRM practices and investors return. It was inferred that almost about 15% to 30% of the complete worth is ascribed to the HRM rehearses which inc luded furnishing representatives with a powerful preparing; telling the workers what is normal from them and releasing the workers who are beneath normal (Kleiman, 2003, p.13). Destinations of Human Resource Management as Strategic Management Goal Human Resource Management is frequently portrayed as a methodology towards customary faculty the executives. Along these lines HRM can be characterized as a lot of techniques, arrangements, programs which are planned so as to augment the association and individual objectives. It is in truth the strategy which ties the people and the association along with a principle reason for accomplishing the ideal destinations. The key HRM is about adjustment and incorporation, in this way the target incorporates HRM is coordinated with the vital needs and system of the firm or association The approaches of Human assets are

ENTP Personality Characteristics, Myths & Cognitive Functions

ENTP Personality Characteristics, Myths & Cognitive Functions Theories Personality Psychology Print ENTP: The Debater (Extraverted, Intuitive, Thinking, Perceiving) An Overview of the ENTP Personality Type By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on August 13, 2019 Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Overview Intuitive-Thinking INTJ INTP ENTJ ENTP Intuitive-Feeling INFJ INFP ENFJ ENFP Sensing-Judging ISTJ ISFJ ESTJ ESFJ Sensing-Perceiving ISTP ISFP ESTP ESFP In This Article Table of Contents Expand Key ENTP Characteristics Cognitive Functions Personal Relationships Career Paths Tips for Interacting With ENTPs View All ENTP is one of the 16 different personality types identified by the  Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. People with this personality type are often described as  innovative, clever, and expressive. ENTPs are also  known for being idea-oriented, which is why this personality type has been described as the innovator, the visionary, and the debater. Illustration by JR Bee, Verywell ENTPs are less interested in the here-and-now details than they are in generating ideas and theories. Because of this, they sometimes tend to come up with one idea after another without actually going forward with plans and actions to bring their creative notions into fruition. Psychologist David Keirsey, creator of the Keirsey Temperament Sorter, suggests that ENTPs account for approximately two to five percent of all people. Key ENTP Characteristics ENTPs enjoy interacting with a wide variety of people. They are great conversationalists and love to engage other people in debates.They are more focused on the future rather than on immediate details. They may start projects and never finish them because they are so focused on the big picture rather than the present needs.ENTPs enjoy being around other people, particularly if they are able to engage in a conversation or debate about something in which they are interested. They are usually fairly laid-back and easy to get along with. However, they can sometimes get so wrapped up in their ideas or plans that they lose sight of their close relationships.They tend to reserve judgment. Instead of making a decision or committing to a course of action, they would prefer to wait and see what happens.ENTPs are immensely curious and focused on understanding the world around them. They are constantly absorbing new information and ideas and quickly arriving at conclusions. They are able to unde rstand new things quite quickly.One common myth about ENTPs is that they love to argue simply for the sake of arguing. While people with this personality type are often willing to play the devils advocate at times, they enjoy debates as a way of exploring a topic, learning what other people believe, and helping others see the other side of the story. Strengths Innovative Creative Great conversationalist Enjoys debating Values knowledge Weaknesses Can be argumentative Dislikes routines and schedules Does not like to be controlled Unfocused Insensitive Cognitive Functions Based upon Carl Jungs theory of personality, the MBTI categorized personality types by their cognitive functions (intuition, thinking, sensing, and feeling) which can then be directed outwardly (extraverted) or inwardly (introverted). The hierarchical organization of these functions is what establishes each individuals primary pattern of behavior. The dominant function is the most prominent, although it is supported by the auxiliary function. The tertiary function has less of an influence, while the inferior function tends to be an area of weakness. Dominant: Extraverted Intuition ENTPs tend to take in information quickly and are very open-minded.Once they have gathered this information, they spend time making connections between various complex and interwoven relationships.They are good at spotting connections that others might overlook and tend to be focused on possibilities.They have entrepreneurial minds and are always coming up with new and exciting ideas. Auxiliary: Introverted Thinking This cognitive function is expressed in the ENTPs thinking process. People with this type of personality are more focused on taking in information about the world around them. When they do use this information to reach conclusions, they tend to be very logical.ENTPs are logical and objective. When  making decisions, they place a greater weight on rational evidence instead of subjective, emotional information.This function works to help the ENTP understand all the information that comes in through the extraverted intuition function. This involves imposing logic and order to help make sense of many disparate ideas and pieces of information. ENTPs dont want to just understand that something works - they want to understand the why and how behind how things function. Tertiary: Extraverted Feeling As a tertiary function, this aspect of personality may not be as well-developed or prominent.When developed, ENTPs can be social charmers who are able to get along well with others.When this aspect of personality is weaker, the ENTP may be insensitve to others and can even be seen as aloof or unkind. Inferior: Introverted Sensing The introverted sensing function is centered on understanding the past and often applying it to current experiences and future concerns.This is often a point of weakness for ENTP personalities. They are often focused more on possibilities and may fail to consider how past precedents may help predict outcomes.ENTPs also tend to overlook many of the more mundane details of daily life, especially if they are deeply involved in a project or plan. ENTPs You Might Know Thomas Edison, inventorJohn Adams, U.S. PresidentWalt Disney, filmmakerJulia Child, cookAlexander the Great, King and military leader Personal Relationships Since they are identified as  extraverts, it may come as no surprise that ENTPs have  very good people skills.  They are skilled communicators and enjoy interacting with a wide circle of family, friends, and acquaintances. In conversations, other people often find them quick-witted. ENTPs will often engage in debates simply because they enjoy having a good battle of the wits. Sometimes, their love of debates lead ENTPs to take on the role of the devils advocate, which can sometimes lead to conflicts with others who feel like they are being intentionally combative and antagonistic. Career Paths Routines and boredom are not good for the ENTP personality. They are non-conformists and do best in jobs when they can find excitement and express their creative freedom. ENTPs can be successful in a wide range of careers, as long as they do not feel hemmed in or bored. As debaters with great communication skills, careers in law can offer the challenge and diversity that ENTPs crave. Jobs in the business world that combine the ENTPs rationality, creativity, and natural leadership abilities can also be very rewarding. Popular ENTP Careers EngineerLawyerScientistPsychologistInventorPsychiatristJournalist Tips for Interacting With ENTPs Friendships ENTPs are great at getting along with people no matter what their personality type. While they are usually laid-back, they can be quite competitive. If you are friends with an ENTP, be careful not to get into the habit of trying to out-do each other. Be aware of their love for debates and be careful not to escalate good-natured discussions into combative arguments. Parenting ENTPs have a fun-loving nature and are excited to share their sense of wonder with their children. Parents with this personality type are supportive, but they have a tendency to try to turn every situation into a learning opportunity. Parents of ENTP children should be aware that their children may seem argumentative at times, it stems from their natural love for discussion and debate. They may also seem inconsistent at times, being warm and affectionate in one moment and then withdrawing in the next as they become wrapped up in new ideas. Parents should encourage their children to focus on goals and finish the things that they start. Relationships In intimate relationships, ENTPs can be passionate and exciting. They are warm, loving, and good at understanding their partners needs. You may find that they may struggle to follow through on promises that they have made, which can be a source of frustration at times. Be aware of your ENTP partners need for spontaneity. You can help balance your partners impulsiveness by helping them work toward their goals with enthusiasm and practicality.

ENTP Personality Characteristics, Myths & Cognitive Functions

ENTP Personality Characteristics, Myths & Cognitive Functions Theories Personality Psychology Print ENTP: The Debater (Extraverted, Intuitive, Thinking, Perceiving) An Overview of the ENTP Personality Type By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on August 13, 2019 Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Overview Intuitive-Thinking INTJ INTP ENTJ ENTP Intuitive-Feeling INFJ INFP ENFJ ENFP Sensing-Judging ISTJ ISFJ ESTJ ESFJ Sensing-Perceiving ISTP ISFP ESTP ESFP In This Article Table of Contents Expand Key ENTP Characteristics Cognitive Functions Personal Relationships Career Paths Tips for Interacting With ENTPs View All ENTP is one of the 16 different personality types identified by the  Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. People with this personality type are often described as  innovative, clever, and expressive. ENTPs are also  known for being idea-oriented, which is why this personality type has been described as the innovator, the visionary, and the debater. Illustration by JR Bee, Verywell ENTPs are less interested in the here-and-now details than they are in generating ideas and theories. Because of this, they sometimes tend to come up with one idea after another without actually going forward with plans and actions to bring their creative notions into fruition. Psychologist David Keirsey, creator of the Keirsey Temperament Sorter, suggests that ENTPs account for approximately two to five percent of all people. Key ENTP Characteristics ENTPs enjoy interacting with a wide variety of people. They are great conversationalists and love to engage other people in debates.They are more focused on the future rather than on immediate details. They may start projects and never finish them because they are so focused on the big picture rather than the present needs.ENTPs enjoy being around other people, particularly if they are able to engage in a conversation or debate about something in which they are interested. They are usually fairly laid-back and easy to get along with. However, they can sometimes get so wrapped up in their ideas or plans that they lose sight of their close relationships.They tend to reserve judgment. Instead of making a decision or committing to a course of action, they would prefer to wait and see what happens.ENTPs are immensely curious and focused on understanding the world around them. They are constantly absorbing new information and ideas and quickly arriving at conclusions. They are able to unde rstand new things quite quickly.One common myth about ENTPs is that they love to argue simply for the sake of arguing. While people with this personality type are often willing to play the devils advocate at times, they enjoy debates as a way of exploring a topic, learning what other people believe, and helping others see the other side of the story. Strengths Innovative Creative Great conversationalist Enjoys debating Values knowledge Weaknesses Can be argumentative Dislikes routines and schedules Does not like to be controlled Unfocused Insensitive Cognitive Functions Based upon Carl Jungs theory of personality, the MBTI categorized personality types by their cognitive functions (intuition, thinking, sensing, and feeling) which can then be directed outwardly (extraverted) or inwardly (introverted). The hierarchical organization of these functions is what establishes each individuals primary pattern of behavior. The dominant function is the most prominent, although it is supported by the auxiliary function. The tertiary function has less of an influence, while the inferior function tends to be an area of weakness. Dominant: Extraverted Intuition ENTPs tend to take in information quickly and are very open-minded.Once they have gathered this information, they spend time making connections between various complex and interwoven relationships.They are good at spotting connections that others might overlook and tend to be focused on possibilities.They have entrepreneurial minds and are always coming up with new and exciting ideas. Auxiliary: Introverted Thinking This cognitive function is expressed in the ENTPs thinking process. People with this type of personality are more focused on taking in information about the world around them. When they do use this information to reach conclusions, they tend to be very logical.ENTPs are logical and objective. When  making decisions, they place a greater weight on rational evidence instead of subjective, emotional information.This function works to help the ENTP understand all the information that comes in through the extraverted intuition function. This involves imposing logic and order to help make sense of many disparate ideas and pieces of information. ENTPs dont want to just understand that something works - they want to understand the why and how behind how things function. Tertiary: Extraverted Feeling As a tertiary function, this aspect of personality may not be as well-developed or prominent.When developed, ENTPs can be social charmers who are able to get along well with others.When this aspect of personality is weaker, the ENTP may be insensitve to others and can even be seen as aloof or unkind. Inferior: Introverted Sensing The introverted sensing function is centered on understanding the past and often applying it to current experiences and future concerns.This is often a point of weakness for ENTP personalities. They are often focused more on possibilities and may fail to consider how past precedents may help predict outcomes.ENTPs also tend to overlook many of the more mundane details of daily life, especially if they are deeply involved in a project or plan. ENTPs You Might Know Thomas Edison, inventorJohn Adams, U.S. PresidentWalt Disney, filmmakerJulia Child, cookAlexander the Great, King and military leader Personal Relationships Since they are identified as  extraverts, it may come as no surprise that ENTPs have  very good people skills.  They are skilled communicators and enjoy interacting with a wide circle of family, friends, and acquaintances. In conversations, other people often find them quick-witted. ENTPs will often engage in debates simply because they enjoy having a good battle of the wits. Sometimes, their love of debates lead ENTPs to take on the role of the devils advocate, which can sometimes lead to conflicts with others who feel like they are being intentionally combative and antagonistic. Career Paths Routines and boredom are not good for the ENTP personality. They are non-conformists and do best in jobs when they can find excitement and express their creative freedom. ENTPs can be successful in a wide range of careers, as long as they do not feel hemmed in or bored. As debaters with great communication skills, careers in law can offer the challenge and diversity that ENTPs crave. Jobs in the business world that combine the ENTPs rationality, creativity, and natural leadership abilities can also be very rewarding. Popular ENTP Careers EngineerLawyerScientistPsychologistInventorPsychiatristJournalist Tips for Interacting With ENTPs Friendships ENTPs are great at getting along with people no matter what their personality type. While they are usually laid-back, they can be quite competitive. If you are friends with an ENTP, be careful not to get into the habit of trying to out-do each other. Be aware of their love for debates and be careful not to escalate good-natured discussions into combative arguments. Parenting ENTPs have a fun-loving nature and are excited to share their sense of wonder with their children. Parents with this personality type are supportive, but they have a tendency to try to turn every situation into a learning opportunity. Parents of ENTP children should be aware that their children may seem argumentative at times, it stems from their natural love for discussion and debate. They may also seem inconsistent at times, being warm and affectionate in one moment and then withdrawing in the next as they become wrapped up in new ideas. Parents should encourage their children to focus on goals and finish the things that they start. Relationships In intimate relationships, ENTPs can be passionate and exciting. They are warm, loving, and good at understanding their partners needs. You may find that they may struggle to follow through on promises that they have made, which can be a source of frustration at times. Be aware of your ENTP partners need for spontaneity. You can help balance your partners impulsiveness by helping them work toward their goals with enthusiasm and practicality.

The Alchemist ( Book ) - 1461 Words

The Alchemist (Book) The Alchemist (Book) Archetype Pyramid/ Triangle Three (Number) Context In Santiago’s dreams, he sees that he must travel to the Pyramids of Giza in order to find the treasure that is hidden for him. After meeting with Melchizedek, he realizes that it is his â€Å"Personal Legend† to reach the Pyramids and decides to sacrifice everything that he had to accomplish it. Santiago is given three days to turn himself into the wind after making a deal with the chief. During this time, he manipulates the wind and sun and connects with the â€Å"Soul of God† to accomplish his superhuman task. Meaning The pyramids symbolize Santiago’s aspirations and the enlightenment that he will†¦show more content†¦Meaning If Santiago is lost or confused during journey, he will always have Urim and Thummim to guide him and help him understand where the omens want him to be. They also act as a reminder that he cannot complete his quest alone and must call for help at times in order to be successful. His ability to respond omens and ask for help is critical to his success and willingness to fight through the hardships of his journey. The alchemist is testing Santiago to see if he will give up because he believes that the challenge is impossible or fight through it despite the odds. In the end, Santiago decides to ignore his fear that he will fail and decides to use all possible means to accomplish the impossible. When he finally manages to turn into the wind, he learns that he must continue to fight for whatever he wants to achieve, even when hope seems to be gone. Source Temple of Doom (Movie) Temple of Doom (Movie) Archetype Hero The Quest Context After Indy’s plane crashes, he finds himself in a small village in northern India. The villagers believe that he was sent by Shiva to save their abducted children and retrieve the Sivalinga stone from the wicked forces in the Pankot Palace. After the Sivalinga stone is stolen from the village, all of their crops burn and the village enters an extreme famine. The people ask Indy to help them retrieve the sacred stone and free their childrenShow MoreRelatedThe Alchemist Book Review984 Words   |  4 Pages* Mundane Wisdom Book review of â€Å"The Alchemist† Regine Carlo N. Alvarez BSBA-FTM/ I-2 The theme of the phenomenal novel â€Å"The Alchemist† written by Paulo Coelho revolves around dreams, symbols, and adventure. It tells of a young shepherd named Santiago who travels around Andalusia and once dreams of a treasure hidden in the pyramids of Egypt. It is a book full of wisdom and life lessons used to achieved one’s dreams and fulfill self-happiness. The story opens in theRead MoreApplyiing How to Read Literature to the Alchemist1592 Words   |  7 Pagesartist understands that a picture is made up of not just color, texture, and shapes, but also considers the purpose behind each stroke. Foster brings a different meaning to reading a book and draws attention to the author and his or her intention. While applying Fosters teachings to Paulo Coelhos The Alchemist, the main character, Santiagos journey becomes more than a journey- it turns into a quest. Simple drinks and foods turn symbolic into acts of communion and while weather is often overlookedRead MoreThe Life of Paulo Coelho1274 Words   |  5 PagesPaulo Coelho is a famous author that has written many popular works in these past few decades. He is most notably known for The Alchemist, which was written in 1988. The Alchemist was â€Å"one of the greatest best-sellers of all times† (Kaaki). During his lifetime, Coelho went through many obstacles; the most notabl e event was getting an electrical shock when he was in a mental institution and getting placed into prison. He was able to move past all of these difficulties and became a well-known authorRead MoreSummary Of The Abandoned Spanish Building Spain 1625 Words   |  7 PagesSpain: The beginning of the story starts here, at an old building, where Santiago rests with his flock. Just like any character Santiago’s somewhat inexperienced at first and he hasn’t gained the wisdom, experience that he gains by the end of the book. This location’s significance is to be the beginning of his journey that nudges him to look into his dream further. *Town of Tarifa: Santiago comes to this town with his flock to visit a dream interpreter, a gypsy woman. Gypsies are people who representRead MoreThe Alchemist777 Words   |  4 PagesThe Alchemist The Alchemist is a novel first published in 1988 by Brazilian-born author Paulo Coehlo. It has sold more than 65 million copies worldwide, making it one of the best selling books of all time, and has been translated in over 60 languages. The book follows an adventurous shepherd boy named Santiago who has recurring dream leads him on a journey to find hidden treasure. The book begins Santiago has the same troubling recurring dream, when sleeping under a sycamore that grows out ofRead MoreThe Alchemist by Paulo Coelho1168 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Alchemist† was originally written in Portuguese by a famous Brazilian author Paulo Coelho. The book’s original title is â€Å"O Alqumistia†. The book was first published in 1988 which is since then been translated into 56 different languages and is one of the bestselling books of the history. This translation of the book was written by Alan R. Clarke and was first published by Harper Collins Publishers in 1993. The genres of the book are fiction, fantasy, psychology, drama. The writer followingRead MoreTraveling to the Egyptian Pyramids Essay1088 Words   |  5 Pagesif he found his treasure he should give the gypsy women one-tenth of it. The boy started his journey to the Egyptian Pyramids; he was setting a bench when the old man sat on the same bench they started to talk about the book the boy was reading the old man said that book describe people that choose their own destinies and it ends by saying that everyone believes the world’s greatest lie, Santiago discovered that the old man was the king of Salem. The king told Santiago that he has succeeded inRead MoreAnalysis Of Paulo Coelho s The Alchemist 1378 Words   |  6 Pages ASSIGNMENT NAME: Abhishek Aggarwal DIVISION AND ROLL NUMBER: C-003 DATE OF SUBMISSION: 9th MARCH 2016 Title of the book: ‘The Alchemist’ Written by: Paulo Coelho WHY THIS PARTICULAR BOOK? I have always been interested in books and movies which have a strong message.According to the critics’ review,Paulo Coelho’s books have had a life-enhancing impact on millions of people. It tells people that they should follow their dreams and should not be afraid of the failuresRead MoreAlchemy As The Precursor to Modern Medicine Practices1705 Words   |  7 Pages(Bobory Rampling, 2012). The practical and experimental side of alchemy is quite similar to chemistry. Different chemicals were discovered through the practice of alchemy in early times. For example, Johann Rudolph Glauber, a self-educated German alchemist, discovered sodium sulphate, a laxative that was much milder than any alternatives that were available at the time. It became known as â€Å"Glauber’s salt.† Glauber also found ways to produce medicines to fight scurvy and is credited with the developmentRead MoreEssay on The Stranger and the Alchemist1130 Words   |  5 PagesTHE STRA NGER and THE ALCHEMIST Belief and Response Essay As one would make it through The Alchemist or The Stranger they would start to notice a clear separation of what each of these books portray. On one side you have The Alchemist which represents more of a positive outlook on life and following your dreams. On the other you have The Stranger which depicts more of a negative connotation on life. Although these two accounts seem far from each other, they present themes throughout the text that

What Do You Know About the History of the Automobile

The automobile as we know it was not invented in a single day by a single inventor. The history of the automobile reflects an evolution that took place worldwide involving many different innovators. Automobile Defined An automobile or car is a wheeled vehicle that carries its own motor and transports passengers. It is estimated that over 100,000 patents led to the evolution of  the modern automobile. Which Was the First Car? There are disagreements as to which automobile was the first actual car. Some claim it was invented in  1769 with the first self-propelled steam-powered military tractor invented by French engineer Nicolas Joseph Cugnot. Others claim it was  Gottlieb Daimlers vehicle in 1885 or Karl Benzs in 1886 when he patented the first gas-powered vehicles. And, depending on your viewpoint, there are others who believe Henry Ford  invented the first true car due to his perfection of the mass production assembly line and the car transmission mechanism that cars today are modeled from. Abbreviated Timeline of the Automobile Dating back to the Renaissance of the 15th century, Leonardo DaVinci  had drafted theoretical plans for the first automobile, as had Sir Isaac Newton a couple of centuries later. Fast forward 40 years after Newtons death to the moment when French engineer Cugnot unveiled the first steam-powered vehicle. And, almost a century after that,  the  first gas-powered car  and  electric vehicles  made their appearance. The introduction of the  mass production assembly line  was a major innovation that revolutionized the automobile industry. Although Ford was credited with  the  assembly line  process, there were others who came before him. Following the introduction of cars came the need for the  complex system of roads  to drive upon. In the U.S., the first agency tasked with managing road development was the Office of Road Inquiry within the Department of Agriculture, established in 1893. Components of the Car There were many inventions that needed to come together to make the modern day cars we know today. From airbags to windshield wipers, here is a review of some of the components and the dates of discovery to give you a comprehensive look at how exhaustive end-to-end development can be. Component Description Airbags Airbags are a safety feature in cars for the protection of vehicle occupants in the event of a collision. The first recorded patent in the U.S. was in 1951. Air Conditioning The first car with a cooling system for vehicle occupants was the 1940 model year Packard. Bendix Starter In 1910, Vincent Bendix patented the Bendix drive for electric starters, an improvement to the hand-cranked starters of the time. Brakes In 1901, British inventor Frederick William Lanchester patented disc brakes. Car Radio In 1929, American Paul Galvin, the head of Galvin Manufacturing Corporation, invented the first car radio. The first car radios were not available from car makers and consumers had to purchase the radios separately. Galvin coined the name Motorola for the companys new products combining the idea of motion and radio. Crash Test Dummies The first crash test dummy was Sierra Sam created in 1949. Crash test dummies were used in place of humans in simulated auto crashes to test the road safety of automobiles created for mass use. Cruise Control Ralph Teetor, a prolific (and blind) inventor, invented cruise control in 1945 to set a steady speed for a car on the road. Differential Differentials are designed to drive a pair of wheels while allowing them to rotate at different speeds. This invention revolutionized carriage steering in 1810. Driveshaft In 1898, Louis Renault invented the first driveshaft. A driveshaft is a mechanical component for transmitting force and rotation, which connects other components of the drive train, which powers the wheels. Electric Windows Daimler introduced electric windows in cars in 1948. Fender In 1901, Frederick Simms invented the first car fender, which was designed similar to the railway engine buffers of the period. Fuel Injection The first electronic fuel injection system for cars was invented in 1966 in Britain. Gasoline Gasoline, initially a byproduct of kerosene, was discovered to be great fuel for all the new cars that began rolling off the assembly lines. By the early 20th century, the oil companies were producing gasoline as a simple distillate from petroleum. Heater Canadian Thomas Ahearn invented the first electric car heater in 1890. Ignition Charles Kettering was the inventor of the first electrical starter motor ignition system. Internal Combustion Engine An internal combustion engine is an engine that uses the explosive combustion of fuel to push a piston within a cylinder. In 1876, Nikolaus August Otto invented and later patented a successful four-stroke engine, known as the Otto cycle. License Plates The very first license plates were called number plates and were first issued in 1893 in France by the police. In 1901, the state of New York became the first state to require car license plates by law. Spark Plugs Oliver Lodge invented the electric spark plug ignition (the Lodge Igniter) to light the explosive combustion of fuel in the cars engine. Muffler French inventor Eugene Houdry invented the catalytic muffler in 1950. Odometer An odometer records the distance that a vehicle travels. The earliest odometers date back to ancient Rome in 15 BC. However, the modern-day odometer for a carriage that was used to measure mileage was invented in 1854. Seat Belts The first U.S. patent for automobile seat belts was issued to Edward J. Claghorn of New York on February 10, 1885. Supercharger Ferdinand Porsche invented the first supercharged Mercedes-Benz SS SSK sports cars in Stuttgart, Germany in 1923, which gave the combustion engine more power. Third Brake Light In 1974, psychologist John Voevodsky invented the third brake light, a light that is mounted in the base of rear windshields. When drivers press their brakes, a triangle of light will warn following drivers to slow down. Tires Charles Goodyear invented vulcanized rubber that was later used for the first tires. Transmission In 1832, W. H. James invented a rudimentary three-speed transmission. Panhard and Levassor are credited with the invention of the modern transmission installed in their 1895 Panhard. In 1908, Leonard Dyer obtained one of the earliest patents for an automobile transmission. Turn Signals Buick introduced the first electric turn signals in 1938. Power Steering Francis W. Davis invented power steering. In the 1920s, Davis was the chief engineer of the truck division of the Pierce Arrow Motor Car Company and he saw first hand how hard it was to steer heavy vehicles. He developed a hydraulic power steering system that led to power steering. Power steering became commercially available by 1951. Windshield Wipers Prior to the manufacture of Henry Fords Model A, Mary Anderson was granted her first patent for a window cleaning device, later known as windshield wipers, in November 1903.

Marketing Plan For Pomegranate Kitchens - 1696 Words

4. Market-Product focus 4.1 Market and product objectives Pomegranate kitchens currently consists of corporate consumers mostly and a sizeable general market that is gained from online campaigns and WOM. This is a great niche; bit in order to expand the revenue and consumer base, the business should reach out to consumers outside of these locations. This will be executed with their new targeted marketing tactic and launch of new innovative/unique product. Pomegranate Kitchen aims to be sustainable in the next few years and with this positioning tactic, it seems very doable if Pomegranate Kitchens are targeting the markets with appropriate plans. 4.2 Target Market Individual Lunch Delivery The target market for individual lunch delivery†¦show more content†¦Feels concerned about the refugee crisis, but feels powerless to help These consumer needs will lead the business to change the regular lunch provider to Pomegranate Kitchen due to our Unique Value Proposition - healthy, delicious food, delivered to the workplace, with a social conscience. In office catering The target market for in-office catering is corporate partners who want to increase the philanthropic works in their business. These businesses will have a ‘triple bottom line’ or an imperative to incorporate some ethical aspects into their day-to-day business. Targeting Managers and above with this prospect means, direct office Executive Assistants and Administrative workers to use Pomegranate Kitchens services. The Business also wishes to target government agencies, of which there are many in Wellington, using the methods above. In particular, government agencies who are involved with immigration and refugee resettlement will be targeted, such as the Department of Internal Affairs (including Office of Ethnic Affairs); The Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (including Immigration New Zealand); and the Ministry for Foreign Affairs and Trade. Markets for future growth One market for anticipated future growth is packaged ingredients or goods that are connected to our menus, such as spice rubs or condiments for people to use at home. The target market for this is the customers of artisanal gourmet grocery establishments like Moore Wilson’s. 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13. Were The Elizabethans More Bloodthirsty Or Tolerant Of Essay Example For Students

13. Were The Elizabethans More Bloodthirsty Or Tolerant Of Essay violence on stage than we are? In addition to the visible bloodletting, there is endless discussion of past gory deeds. Offstageviolence is even brought into view in the form of a severed head. Itsalmost as though such over-exposure is designed to make it ordinary. At the same time, consider the basic topic of the play, the usurpationof the crown of England and its consequences. These are dramaticevents. They can support the highly charged atmosphere of bloodyactions on stage as well as off. By witnessing Clarences murder,which has been carefully set up, we develop a greater revulsion forits instigator. And even though we are spared the sight of the slayingof the young princes in the Tower, Richards involvement before andafter is carefully exploited. Every drop of blood referred to on stageor in the speeches helps build the effect Shakespeare wishes to achieve. The peace which comes after Richards death is both a relief and a reward. 14. The Elizabethan audience knew from the start t hat Richmond was to become Henry VII, the first Tudor king of England and thegrandfather of their own queen, Elizabeth I. As such, he had only to appear victorious at the plays conclusion. By the time he shows up, matters have progressed to a point where Richards downfall is inevitable. But what good would victory be if the opposition hadmerely caved in? Shakespeare had to build Richmonds importance notonly to satisfy history but to fulfill the dramatic development of theplot. By sprinkling his name into the preceding scenes, Shakespearemakes Richmonds arrival a matter of importance. Once Richmond appears on stage, he never makes a false step or says the wrong thing. Ifhis dialogue sounds slightly flat, it may be a deliberate contrastto that of the fiery, passionate Richard. Here is a man of reasonwho makes his mark with heroic action rather than words. In the duel scene, Richmond has an opportunity to achieve the stature denied him in speech.TEST 2 1. B2. A3. B4. A5. B6. B7. C8. A9 . C10. B11. From the start, Buckingham is only too willing to provide hissupport for Richards schemes. He immediately allies himself withRichard by scorning his exemption from Margarets curse. From then on,he willingly shares the risk for his share of the spoils. Remember,patronage is an important issue. During Edward IVs reign, QueenElizabeth saw to it that her relatives and supporters were takencare of. Buckingham saw Richard as his key to prosperity. Hisinsistence on his reward in the face of his hesitation to participate in the killing of the princes leads to his loss of Richards trust- and to his final destiny.12. The actor playing the role of Richard must have great strength to endure the demands of being on stage in so many differentsituations and for such a long time. But what of the character Richard? Could he have been the successful warrior he is credited withbeing in the past if he were seriously crippled? Could he have performed the physical demands required by the batt le in the finalscenes? If he is unhorsed, surely he is capable of riding. Andwhat about his rapid, sudden turns throughout the play? Review thephysical action that must accompany so much of his dialogue and see ifyou think his deformity was as much a handicap as a convenient excuse.The judgment of Hastings is one place where he certainly exploitsit, but see if you can find others.13. From the beginning, Richard develops an intimate associationwith the audience as he shares his innermost thoughts. Couched as asort of confessional, he confides that he is going to behave wickedly. As such, he virtually invites the audience to come alongwith him as he proceeds with his business. Periodically, he reviewsand recaptures that spirit. Margaret, on the other hand, treats theaudience as more of a witness than a partner. She speaks less insoliloquies than in choral recitations. Because so much ofMargarets presence is a symbolic as well as an actual reminder ofpast events, she is less involved i n the action. Her power restsmainly in her ability to witness the past and predict the future.Those on stage may choose to ignore her, but those out front cannot. 14. Stanley walks a narrow line throughout the play. Although aneasy answer might be that he never actually did anything to opposeRichard, wasnt his act of withholding support just as harmful? This is how Richard saw things when he ordered George Stanley to be beheaded. But can you accept Richards judgment? Stanley, more thanany other, represents the middle road, or at least a firm commitment to neutrality. Some may find his professed loyalty to Richard andsecret meeting with Richmond enough to condemn him as a traitor.Others may find him the victim of a conscience that allows him to makeno open choice. Remember the Stanley who dreamed of impendingdisaster? Contrast him with the hasty, naive Hastings.TERM PAPER IDEAS AND OTHER TOPICS FOR WRITING1. Richard III has been called Shakespeares first fullydeveloped character in t hat we see many sides of his personality. Do any other characters in this play show more than one side? If so, who?And how? 2. What part do children play in Richard III? Are they believable? 3. How important are clergymen, the archbishops, bishops, andpriests in Richard III? Are they different from other members of the court? Discuss. 4. Discuss the role of Buckingham. Is he better or worse, wiseror more foolish than Richards other victims? 5. Revenge and the quest for justice dominate the action in RichardIII. Discuss individual examples and their relevance to this majortheme.6. Discuss the attitude toward adultery in Richard III.7. How successful is the use of stychomythia, the short staccatodialogue used frequently by Richard and others? What effect does itcreate in the courtship scenes?8. Animal imagery is used repeatedly. What dramatic function does it fulfill?9. Discuss the importance of the scenes involving common peoplesuch as murderers, the scrivener, and the pursuivant?10. Richard is a brother, a husband, an uncle, and a son tovarious characters in the play. Analyze his behavior in each case.11. We often hear the lamentations of mothers in Richard III, butthere are fathers in the play too. Discuss their relationships totheir children. 12. One objective of Richard III is to conclude the events set inmotion by the first usurpation, the overthrow of Richard II. Do youfeel this play explains and wraps it all up successfully? 13. Compare your own knowledge of the historic Richard withShakespeares Richard. What obvious changes in history did Shakespearemake? Why did he do so?14. Corrupt governments can be found in all historical periods.Compare the corrupt administration of either Richard III or EdwardIV with a 20th-century example.15. Although political executions take place throughout Richard III,there is some concern for due process. Cite various examples anddiscuss their significance to the play as a whole. THE CRITICSON RICHARDS CHARACTERIf Richard is something like the Renaissance will incarnate, he is equally, in his total, eager submission to it, evil incarnate. Whatever his lusty attractiveness, we cannot deny that he treats all men, even himself finally, as mere objects. Too late he discovers,to his amazement and confusion, that he too has feelings, issubjective and subjected, in more than will and conscious self-control. Herein lies his repulsiveness. His is a Dionysianismso passionately self-serving, so deliberate if not cold-blooded, that,corrosive rather than life-giving like the Dionysian at its best, it turns all not only to destruction but to cheapness, ignominy,pointlessness. -Theodore Weiss, The Breath of Clowns and Kings, 1974 The great stories of murder are about men who could not have done itbut who did. They are not murderers, they are men. And their stories will be better still when they are excellent men; not merely brilliantand admirable, but also, in portions of themselves which we inferrather than see. Ri chard is never quite human enough. The spectacleover which he presides with his bent back and his forked tongue cantake us by storm, and it does. It cannot move our innermost minds withthe conviction that in such a heros death the world has lost whatonce had been or might have been the most precious part of itself.Richard is never precious as a man. He is only stunning in his craft, a serpent whose movements we follow for their own sake, because in themselves they have strength and beauty. -Mark Van Doren, Shakespeare, 1939 ON RICHMONDS FUNCTIONThe astonishing thing about this play is that until almost theend, there is no sign of a possible antagonist, no visible secularforce that can bring the tyrant down. Richmond is not even mentioned until Act IV, and appears in only the last three scenes. He is little more than a deus ex machina let down from above to provide aresolution both for the immediate action of this play and for thelong-continued drama of conflict between York and Lanc aster. -George J. Becker, Shakespeares Histories, 1977 RICHARD III AS TRAGEDYThus Shakespeare pictured the dominating sins in the play as perjuryand murder, sins against the moral order. He portrayed and analyzedthe passion of ambition that caused Richard to sin and the passionof fear that at the same time punished him for his sins and forced himto wade still further in blood. He inserted non-historical scenesdeveloping the Elizabethan philosophy of revenge. He used thesupernatural to enhance the horror of the play and to contribute tothe impression of a divine vengeance meting out punishment for sin. Heshowed Gods revenge exacted through the agency of the evil Richard, who was nevertheless to be held to account for his evil-doing. He madeuse of the pathos of the death of the royal children. These are thecommon methods of Shakespearean tragedy, and they justify those whohold Richard III to be a tragedy. -Lily B. Campbell, Shakespeares Histories: Mirrors of Elizabethan Policy, 1968. COMEDY IN RICHARD IIIRichards sense of humor, his function as clown, his comicirreverences and sarcastic or sardonic appropriations of things to (atany rate) his occasions: all those act as underminers of our assumed naive and proper Tudor principles; and we are on his side much rather because he makes us (as the Second Murderer put it) take the devil in mind, than for any historical-philosophical-Christian-retributional sort of motive.In this respect a good third of the play is a kind of grisly comedy; in which we meet the fools to be taken in on Richards terms, see themwith his mind, and rejoice with him in their stultification (in which execution is the ultimate and unanswerable practical joke, the absolutely final laugh this side of the Day of Judgment). -A. P. Rossiter, Angel With Horns: The Unity of Richard III, in Shakespeare, The Histories, ed. Eugene M. Waith, 1965 ADVISORY BOARDWe wish to thank the following educators who helped us focus ourBook Notes series to meet stu dent needs and critiqued our manuscripts to provide quality materials.Sandra Dunn, English TeacherHempstead High School, Hempstead, New York Lawrence J. Epstein, Associate Professor of EnglishSuffolk County Community College, Selden, New YorkLeonard Gardner, Lecturer, English DepartmentState University of New York at Stony Brook Beverly A. Haley, Member, Advisory CommitteeNational Council of Teachers of English Student Guide Series Fort Morgan, ColoradoElaine C. Johnson, English TeacherTamalpais Union High School District Mill Valley, CaliforniaMarvin J. LaHood, Professor of EnglishState University of New York College at BuffaloRobert Lecker, Associate Professor of EnglishMcGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada David E. Manly, Professor of Educational Studies State University of New York College at GeneseoBruce Miller, Associate Professor of EducationState University of New York at BuffaloFrank OHare, Professor of English and Director of WritingOhio State University, Columbus, O hio Faith Z. Schullstrom, Member, Executive Committee National Council of Teachers of EnglishDirector of Curriculum and InstructionGuilderland Central School District, New YorkMattie C. Williams, Director, Bureau of Language ArtsChicago Public Schools, Chicago, Illinois BIBLIOGRAPHY FURTHER READINGHISTORICAL BACKGROUND Fraser, Antonia, ed. The Lives of the Kings and Queens of England. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1980. Covers the reigns of HenryVI, Edward IV, and Richard III.Saccio, Peter. Shakespeares English Kings. New York: Oxford University Press, 1977.Seward, Desmond. Richard III, Englands Black Legend. New York:Franklin Watts, 1984. A strong argument for the traditional view ofRichard as the evil murderer and usurper. CRITICAL WORKSBecker, George J. Shakespeares Histories. New York: Unger, 1977.A review of the ten history plays and their common themes.Blankpied, John W. Time and the Artist in Shakespeares Early Histories. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1983.Campbel l, Lily B. Shakespeares Histories: Mirrors of Elizabethan Policy. San Marino, California: The Huntington Library,1968. Detailed review of topical themes.Rossiter, A. P. Angel With Horns: The Unity of Richard III, inShakespeare, The Histories, ed. Eugene M. Waith. Englewood Cliffs, NewJersey: Prentice-Hall, 1965.Tillyard, E. M. W. Shakespeares History Plays. London: Chatto ;Windus, 1964. A study of the underlying principles found inShakespeares history plays with emphasis on their origins.Weiss, Theodore. The Breath of Clowns and Kings. New York: Atheneum,1974. The use of language in Shakespeares early comedies andhistory plays. Van Doren, Mark. Shakespeare. New York: Henry Holt, 1939. AUTHORS WORKSShakespeare wrote 37 plays (38 if you include The Two Noble Kinsmen)over a 20-year period, from about 1590 to 1610. Its difficult todetermine the exact dates when many were written, but scholars havemade the following intelligent guesses about his plays and poems:PLAYS1588-93The Comedy of Errors 1588-94Loves Labours Lost 1590-912 Henry VI1590-913 Henry VI1591-921 Henry VI1592-93Richard III1592-94Titus Andronicus1593-94The Taming of the Shrew1593-95The Two Gentlemen of Verona 1594-96Romeo and Juliet1595 Richard II1594-96A Midsummer Nights Dream1596-97King John 1596-97The Merchant of Venice1597 1 Henry IV1597-982 Henry IV1598-1600 Much Ado About Nothing1598-99Henry V1599 Julius Caesar1599-1600 As You Like It 1599-1600 Twelfth Night1600-01Hamlet1597-1601 The Merry Wives of Windsor 1601-02Troilus and Cressida 1602-04Alls Well That Ends Well1603-04Othello1604 Measure for Measure1605-06King Lear 1605-06Macbeth1606-07Antony and Cleopatra 1605-08Timon of Athens 1607-09Coriolanus1608-09Pericles 1609-10Cymbeline 1610-11The Winters Tale1611-12The Tempest1612-13Henry VIII Gun Control in the US Essay

The Lady or the Tiger free essay sample

The Lady or the Tiger The Lady or the Tiger proposes one question: Which? Author Frank Stockton writes about a barbaric game Invented by the King. If any man In the kingdom rubs the King the wrong way, he gets put Into a stadium In front of two doors. Behind one Is a tiger, the other a lady. If the man picks a door and a lady comes out, he gets to marry her. But if a tiger comes out of the door, he dies a violent death.Hundreds of people look on with pleasure as he picks death or life. In this certain story, a peasant and the Princess fall in love and the King is not pleased. Right away the peasant is thrown into the stadium and with one last desperate hope for life, he looks to the Princess. Seated next to the King, she makes a slight movement with her right hand. We will write a custom essay sample on The Lady or the Tiger or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Now comes the question. Which came out of the door?You can tell that the Princess is a very Jealous person. She knew the young maiden behind the door, and had often seen her staring at the peasant with looks of admiration. It also says, in the story own words, that the Princess, With all the Intensity of the savage blood transmitted o her through long lines of wholly barbaric ancestors, hated the woman who blushed and trembled behind that silent door. And we know that she dreamed about what it would be like if the peasant opened the door and out came the maiden. How in her grievous reveries had she gnashed her teeth, and torn her hair, when she saw his start of rapturous delight as he opened the door of the lady! How her soul had burned in agony when she had seen him rush to meet that woman. If her hatred for this woman and for the idea of them together was this great, why would she not lead the peasant to the tiger?

Free Essays on Obsessions Of A Pedophile

The relationship between Humbert Humbert and Lolita, is highly undefined. Many readers who have read Lolita find it to be based on â€Å"lust†, while others find Humbert to truly be in â€Å"love† with his Lolita. However, there is evidence that Humbert’s desire for Lolita is based on some obsessive-compulsive behavior which he cannot control, and therefore keeps returning for her. Humbert’s obsessions can be clearly recognized in his behaviors when looked upon in H. R. Beech’s Obsessional States and Andrew Brink’s Obsession and Culture: A Study of Sexual Obsession in Modern Fiction’s perception of what obsession is. Humbert’s obsessional tendencies are displayed in many passages through his descriptive word choices and his over bearing personality, such as when he describes Lolita after returning from camp to be, â€Å"†¦all rose and honey, ressed in her brightest gingham, with a pattern of little red apples,†¦wi th scratches like tiny dotted lines of coagulated rubies, and the ribbed cuffs of her white socks were turned down.† Obsession can be a difficult subject because there is not a finite definition of what obsession really is. Who determines what obsession is? When does deep admiration pass and obsession begin? According to S. Jack Rachman â€Å"an obsession is an intrusive, repetitive thought, image, or impulse that is unacceptable or unwanted and gives rise to subjective resistance† (2). Furthermore, Andrew Brink states that â€Å"†¦the popular meaning of the term obsession, including the new verb ‘to obsess,’ which means to be persistently preoccupied about something, usually in an unsatisfactory relationship† (195). These similar definitions are important when looking at Humbert’s actions because his actions are perceived by these qualities. First, Brink argues that most people have an obsessional defense, and this defense is brought out of men due to their fear of women. More specifically, this d... Free Essays on Obsessions Of A Pedophile Free Essays on Obsessions Of A Pedophile The relationship between Humbert Humbert and Lolita, is highly undefined. Many readers who have read Lolita find it to be based on â€Å"lust†, while others find Humbert to truly be in â€Å"love† with his Lolita. However, there is evidence that Humbert’s desire for Lolita is based on some obsessive-compulsive behavior which he cannot control, and therefore keeps returning for her. Humbert’s obsessions can be clearly recognized in his behaviors when looked upon in H. R. Beech’s Obsessional States and Andrew Brink’s Obsession and Culture: A Study of Sexual Obsession in Modern Fiction’s perception of what obsession is. Humbert’s obsessional tendencies are displayed in many passages through his descriptive word choices and his over bearing personality, such as when he describes Lolita after returning from camp to be, â€Å"†¦all rose and honey, ressed in her brightest gingham, with a pattern of little red apples,†¦wi th scratches like tiny dotted lines of coagulated rubies, and the ribbed cuffs of her white socks were turned down.† Obsession can be a difficult subject because there is not a finite definition of what obsession really is. Who determines what obsession is? When does deep admiration pass and obsession begin? According to S. Jack Rachman â€Å"an obsession is an intrusive, repetitive thought, image, or impulse that is unacceptable or unwanted and gives rise to subjective resistance† (2). Furthermore, Andrew Brink states that â€Å"†¦the popular meaning of the term obsession, including the new verb ‘to obsess,’ which means to be persistently preoccupied about something, usually in an unsatisfactory relationship† (195). These similar definitions are important when looking at Humbert’s actions because his actions are perceived by these qualities. First, Brink argues that most people have an obsessional defense, and this defense is brought out of men due to their fear of women. More specifically, this d...

Epic Hero Hercules Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Epic Hero Hercules - Research Paper Example In his mind, Zeus wanted to have a son with skills and strength to become a hero among men and the gods’ agent. When Hercules grew up performing odd tasks, King Thespius of Thespia recognized him and offered him his 50 daughters to have children with Hercules. Hercules was able to impregnate 49 of the 50 daughters who gave birth to 51 sons, with the eldest and the youngest giving birth to twins (Burges, 2004: 14). Hercules grew up as a hero performing extraordinary tasks. In his lifetime, he performed twelve different labors. As an order from King Eurystheus, Hercules was supposed to perform only ten labors, but since the King nullified two of them, he performed twelve. Hercules was able to murder a Nemean lion and brought back its skin. The Nemean lion had a very thick skin which could not be penetrated through. He murdered the lion by strangling it and with the help of the claws of the lion he penetrated through its thick skin and removed it. From then on, Hercules wore the skin as his armor (Stewart, 2004: 36). Another labor performed by Hercules was when he killed the Lernaean Hydra. The Lernaean Hydra was a monster serpent which had many heads and lived in the Lerna Lake. The Hydra was guarding the way to the underworld. It was so strange that for every head Hercules cut off, two more heads grew back in the cut place. Iolaus, Hercules nephew, had the idea of burning the stumps after cutting the heads so that they could not grow back, and it worked. He then buried the dead body of the Hydra beneath a boulder. He took all his arrows and immersed in the poisonous blood of the Hydra which made them poisonous. However, Eurystheus disqualified this labor of Hercules as he received help from his nephew (Loewen, 1999: 324). Hercules also managed to capture the Ceryneian Hind which was a huge deer sacred to the goddess Artemis. The deer did have hooves made of bronze and antlers of gold. The hind was known to be very fast that it could even outrun an arrow b ut Hercules followed it for a whole year on foot and managed to shoot it on the leg with a non-poisoned arrow. Since the hind was sacred to goddess Artemis, Hercules asked for forgiveness and the goddess forgave him on condition that he would bring back the hind safely (Weisbort, 2005: 26). Hercules captured a great beast that lived on Erymanthos Mountain where goddess Artemis used to visit. The beast was known as the Erymanthian Boar. Hercules was able to force the boar into thick snow with the help of centaur Chiron who advised him to do so. After the boar was in form of thick snow, Hercules captured it and took it to King Eurystheus. Hercules cleaned the Augean stables. King Augeas had the greatest number of cattle in the nation which were his divine gift and were immune to diseases. This meant that it was not necessary for anyone to clean the stables. The king challenged Hercules to perform the task in just one day and he could give him an eighth of his cattle. Being a hero, Her cules redirected rivers Peneus and Alpheus through the stables and the task was done. However, the king did not fulfill his promise to Hercules, which made Hercules angry, and he murdered the king (Weisbort, 2005: 34). Hercules killed man-eating birds known as the Stymphalian birds. The birds had metallic and poisonous feathers that could fire as weapons. The birds lived in the woody area that surrounded Lake Stymphalia and this made it hard for the birds to be

EXPERIENCES OF NURSES WORKING IN PALLIATIVE CARE Dissertation

EXPERIENCES OF NURSES WORKING IN PALLIATIVE CARE - Dissertation Example (Harris, Flowers, Noble, 2011) In a qualitative study by (Brajtman, Higuchi, McPherson, 2006) they looked into the matter related to the challenges the nurses face in palliative care, to explore their experiences in caring for patients with terminal delirium and their families. This qualitative research will emphasize the importance of qualitative interviews as most powerful method for understanding the experiences and meanings related to the topic. This study was conducted in a palliative care unit located in a large Canadian city hospital for 5 nurses working in an interdisciplinary palliative care unit and 4 nurses form palliative home care nursing team located in the same city. Few interview questions have been generated for the nurses to proceed with the qualitative study. Based on the questions results which has been found are like most of the participants said that they experience distress while caring for palliative care patients. They said that if they gather convenient skil ls and knowledge in the identification and diagnosis they can help to support the patient in better way and family during disturbed conditions. Understanding the unique nursing experience is very much important in the process of providing the nurses with required support to make them strong and help them to provide care in challenging situations. Nurses also identified their team members as most major source of support. They also mentioned that effective teamwork would help them to deal with palliative care patients and their families more efficiently. There is need for proper education and training for the nurses to face challenges with palliative care patients. Lack of education may experience in serious stress for these nurses in care of the dying people and their families. It is important to check that nurses should receive appropriate knowledge, skills and support to care for this patient (Brajtman, Higuchi, McPherson, 2006, pp.6-7). Thus from this study we can understand that proper opportunities should be provided to the nurses so that they can face challenges confidently. The support of organization, teammates and family will enhance the quality of care. The number of sample chosen here is very small. A primary research should contain minimum 20 samples to carry on with a proper research. But here amount is very small which is not very good to conduct a research. A larger sample would have been beneficial to obtain greater depth of data as there was no clear evidence to overcome the challenges. White, et al (2004) found similar trends in his study. He explored with qualitative descriptive study using semi structured interviews with nurses caring for palliative care patients. Here 9 experienced palliative care nurses were interviewed. The participants here explained about their experience and challenges they face regularly. The nurses reported that they have enormous impact on their work and personal lives. The nurses here describe about two types of su fferings, physical and emotional or psychological. Most of the nurses reported here that they try their best to relieve a patients suffering and when they cannot help the patient with such condition they get a feeling of helplessness, distress, frustration and a sense of failure. Some of the nurses also mentioned that they did not want to dwell with those things and thus tried to go back home with a fresh

Agriculture Management of Tea Industry

Agriculture Management of Tea Industry Introduction This chapter will give the reader with the clear background of research study, research question, research objectives, justification of research, organisation of study, research framework and brief overview of what will present later in the whole dissertation. 1.1. Background of research study: All organizations evaluate the performance of their employees to find out their relative worth for the job they are doing. Performance is being related to the productivity, it is crucial for the organization to achieve its goals and objectives. Effective performance for the organization means that output can be maintained with fewer numbers of employees. Performing effectively is also of crucial importance to the employee because organizations can no longer tolerate poor performance, they (employees) are more likely to be dismissed. The effective management performance, therefore, is not only vital for the long-term survival of the organizations but is also a moral obligation on the employees. Performance appraisal is considered as the systematic evaluation of individuals to their performance on the job and their potentials for development (Dale S. Beach, 1980: 290). Wendell French has defined performance appraisal as a systematic and periodic assessment of how employees are doing their jobs in relation to established norms and the communication of that kind of assessment to employees. It is a process of evaluation an employees job performance with respect to its requirements. A systematic performance appraisal provides information for making decisions about various issues such as promotions, pay increases, layoffs, training and development and transfers. It is managements powerful tool in controlling human resource and productivity. Managers can improve an employees job performance through clarifying expectations and evaluating performance. Employees also, in general, prefer having some kind of appraisal to develop an appropriate vision of their own effectiveness and opportunities (Wood, 1988). Formal performance appraisal can meet the three needs, one of the organization and the other two of the individuals within the organization: It provides systematic judgments to back up salary increase, transfer, demotion or termination. It is the means of communicating to subordinates the behavior, attitudes, skills or job knowledge and let him know where he stands. It is used as a base for coaching and counseling the individual by his superior 1.2. Selected organisation of study Beginning of tea plantation in Nepal dates back to the year 1863, when Mr. Gajraj Singh Thapa, the Badahakim (Chief Administrator) of Ilam, initiated tea plantation for the first time at Ilam. It is said that he was very much impressed by the taste of tea and fascinating beauty of tea gardens of Darjeeling. So he brought tea-technicians from Darjeeling and made local people join hands in tea plantation. His effort was later followed by planting tea in Ilam and Soktim in the year 1865 (both plantations are still under commercial production). It is believed that the tea seedlings were given by the Chinese government as gift to the then prime minister Jung Bahadur Rana. The first tea processing factory was established in the year 1872, in Ilam Tea Estate. But the further expansion of tea plantation lay virtually stagnant for about a century. No efforts were found to be made by the government or private sector in this direction. It was only in 1959 when Budhkaran Tea Estate was established at Rangiadanga (Maheshpur VDC, Jhapa), the first tea estate in private sector. Soon after this venture, a few other landlords also started tea plantation in Jhapa district, which gave birth to some tea estates such as Satighatta Tea Estate, Himalaya Tea Garden, Nakkalbanda Tea Estate, Mittal Tea Estate, Giribandhu Tea Estate. These tea estates are still among the leading private sector tea companies of Nepal. However, these plantations were done more with the motivation of saving the land from land ceiling being imposed under the Land Ceiling Act in 1963, because all the plantations during that period were started by big land holding families. This can be seen in some of the plantation fields of those days having the tea bushes at the distance of mor e than two feet. These ventures, however, opened the door for other entrepreneurs in tea sector. In the history of tea development in Nepal, the establishment of Nepal Tea Development Corporation (NTDC) is considered to be a landmark to augment the tea cultivation. NTDC was established in 1966, with the joint effort of the Government and Overseas Development Administration (ODA), Britain with the objective of making the country self-reliant in tea by producing more tea, thereby, substituting import of tea and earn foreign currency by exporting quality tea. Soon after its establishment, NTDC took over the first two tea plantations, namely, Ilam and Soktim tea estates. NTDC then extended tea plantation in Kanyam (Ilam) in the year 1971, with the aim of producing exportable quality tea. One year later, another tea garden was established in Tokia (Jhapa) in 1972. Keeping in view of the increasing internal demand of tea another tea estate was established in Barne (Shantinagar VDC, Jhapa). Later, two more tea estates, namely, Barradashi (Jhapa) and Chilingkot (Ilam) were established; making altogether seven tea estates under the ownership and management of NTDC. Despite its significant contribution for the development of tea cultivation, the only government owned corporation faced acute financial and managerial problems in the latter years, and eventually NTDC was leased out to the private sector in the year 2000. The management of NTDC was handed over for 50 years to Triveni Group, with the condition of keeping all workers in as it was form and terminating all staff under voluntary retirement scheme with extra two months salary as a golden handshake. Besides these plantations by government and private sectors, small growers started tea cultivation in the nearby VDCs of Kanyam, when NTDC established Kanyam Tea Estate. Some 40 small farmers started tea cultivation in some VDCs of Ilam district, such as, SriAntu, Kolbung, Kanyam, Fikkal, Pashupatinagar, Panchakanya, Laxmipur, and Godak. With the encouragement and technical support provided by NTDC, tea cultivation at small farmers level, expanded gradually in different parts of other districts, namely, Panchthar, Terhathum, Dhankuta, and Jhapa. In view of good prospect of tea cultivation in the Eastern Region, the Government declared these five districts as Tea Zone in the year 1982 and accordingly adopted a favorable policy to encourage tea farmers in private sector. The facilities incorporated in the policy included: providing easy loan to tea cultivators from Agriculture Development Bank with 50 percent subsidy in the interest on loan for the first 5 years in Terai and 7 years in hills, exemption from land-ceiling for tea cultivation and 90 percent rebate on land-tax. With the objective of extending technical services, seedlings and transport facilities, small farmers offices were established under NTDC in Fikkal, Manglabare and Jasbire of Ilam; Chilingden of Panchathar; Solma of Terhathum; and Hile of Dhankuta districts. All these efforts contributed quite positively to the expansion of tea cultivation, which consequently gave birth to the concept of Bought Leaf Factory. The first processing unit of this kind was established in the year 1989, at Fikkal of Ilam district. The enactment of Industrial Enterprise Act by the Government encouraged and facilitated more to the extension of tea cultivation. Industrial Enterprise Act, 1992 (amended in 1998) has an objective of encouraging the promotion of manufacturing industries in the country by making the environment of industrial investment more congenial and straight forward. The Act has categorized tea cultivation and processing industry as an agro-based industry which fall under national priority industries like horticulture and fruit processing, vegetable and seed farming, sericulture and silk production, animal husbandry etc. The Act has proposed some concessions to the agro-industries with an income tax exemption for a period of five years from the date of commercial production. If the tea industry wants to invest in the pollution controlling mechanism or equipment, then a reduction of up to 50 percent is granted in the taxable income. Such remission may be deducted on a lump sum or an installment with a period of three years. The Ninth Five Year Plan (1997-2002) gave a high priority to agro-based industries such as tea plantation and processing. The plan recognized agro-based industries as the basis of industrialization in the country. This plan emphasized on the plantation of high-valued Orthodox tea for export. Similarly it placed importance on the promotion of CTC tea for domestic consumption. During the plan period, total tea area was projected to be 4564 hectare and total tea production was projected to be 4101 mt. from 3156 ha. Agriculture Development Bank actively disbursed credit to the tea sector during 1996-1997. As a result, the number of CTC planters under tea estates and out growers category increased rapidly. The reasons for increase in plantations, as responded by the tea planters, were: Good rate of returns as compared to traditional farming. Availability of bank credit attracted tea plantation. High demand for tea in both domestic and foreign market (esp Orthodox tea). Peer pressures also motivated out growers to start tea plantation. The other reason was that other food crops could not be grown in the land adjoining tea plantation. By the use of insecticides and pesticides in the tea plantation, insects are flushed out and take refuge in the nearby land which devours the crops. 1.2.1. Types of Tea: Generally two types of tea are produced in Nepal. One variety that is grown in the hilly region is called Orthodox tea. Orthodox tea has a huge demand in overseas countries and its export is increasing over the years. The major markets of Nepalese Orthodox tea are Western Europe and North America. Similarly, tea grown in Terai (plain area) especially in Jhapa district is called CTC (Crush, tear and Curl) tea, which accounts for more than 95% of the total domestic tea consumption. 1.2.1.1. Orthodox Tea: Black tea, in the form of traditional leaf tea produced from hill grown tea, particularly Chinese type of tea is known as Orthodox tea. The Orthodox tea, particularly popular for its aroma, is considered as premium tea all over the world (Singh, 2001). This tea is produced from the leaves of tea bushes in the eastern hilly region. Despite its long plantation history, the production and productivity of Orthodox tea have been low due to lack of conducive govt. policy, high cost of production (and therefore expensive) lack of technical know-how, and CTC oriented domestic market. However, the increasing demand of hill-orthodox tea in the overseas market provides good prospect of tea cultivation in the hilly region of Nepal. 1.2.1.2. CTC Tea: CTC tea, commonly used by majority of tea consumers of the world (produced in Jhapa district) is popular for its color. The manufacturing process of CTC tea consists of withering of leaves, rolling, fermenting, and drying through mechanical devices. Furthermore, sorting is done with the help of machine in different grades such as brokens, fannings, and dust. 1.2.2. Present Status of Tea Industry: Tea Industry includes all Tea Estates, processing plants, small growers, Packeters and marketers that are directly involved in production and marketing of tea. National Tea Policy-2000 defines Tea Industry as the tea cultivation with the registration of industry in the land availed under the concession of land ceiling facilities and having ones own processing plant. Although tea industry has a long history of more than a century, in real sense it is only after the establishment of Nepal Tea Development Corporation. Ltd. in 1966, that tea cultivation flourished in Nepal. At present, there are 128 tea estates and 45 tea processing factories as registered in NTCDB. Out of these 24 tea estates have their own processing factories whereas 21 tea processing factories do not have their own tea gardens. In addition to these, there are 20 tea packaging industries and export import agencies related to tea marketing. Tea industry in Nepal has developed under three different ownership status and management, namely, Public Estates, Private Estates and Small Holders. The only government owned and managed, NTDC was privatized in the year 2000. All these three types of tea producers have contributed significantly for the expansion of tea cultivation. The efforts made by Government and private sector entrepreneurs including small farmers have been the driving force for the extension of tea in the hills and Terai. Some of the important steps taken by the Government over the last 25 years include establishment of NTDC, implementation of outgrows scheme, declaration of tea zone, and policy package including facilities like providing loan and subsidy on bank rate, exemption from land ceiling and land tax etc., establishment of NTCDB, and issuing of National Tea Policy-2000. The organization structure in all the tea estates under study was not presented clearly in the charts. However, the procedures and processes being practiced in carrying out the everyday tasks in tea industry are more or less similar in most of the cases. On the basis of the management system being adopted in the tea gardens consisting of different levels and statutory requirements, a common type of organization structure could be designed. The common structural pattern of tea estates is presented in Fig. 1.1. Fig. 1.1 Structural Pattern of a Tea Garden Owners / Board of Directors Managing Director Labor Welfare Officer Asst. Manager (Factory) Office Finance Officer Asst. Manager (Field) Factory Babu Main Mechanic Garden Babu Garden Clerk Head Clerks Accountant Computer Operator Asst. Health Worker Staff Nurse Sisters Electrician Mechanic Fitter Babu Main Sardar Sardar Dafadar Chaprasi Bajliwala Kalwalla Sardars Bahidar Main Sardar Munshi Weathering Rolling Storing Workers Workers Tea Maker Tea Worker Tea Maker Workers Manager Medical Officer Asst. L.W.O. Asst. Clerk Asst. Accountant Peon In practice the estates in Nepal were having typically a very simple line organization structure to administer the day to day routine operations. Fig. 1.2 exhibits a typical form of common organization structure found in all tea estates, though it was not formally exhibited in charts. Each tea estate consisted of a manager with whole responsibility to look after the garden and the factory both as routine work. His roles were more of a technician with the knowledge of tea gardening and processing than a manager. Under the manger were appointed an assistant manager or an officer known as factory in-charge whose main roles and duties were related with running the tea processing factory with the help of technical assistants. And in the garden there were a few assistants called Sardars to supervise the field work whereas in the office were an accountant/clerks. Attendance-keepers called Hazira-Babus and a peon. On the basis of field visits and observation in different tea estates the exis ting common organization structure could be drawn as under. Fig. 1.2 Organization Structure of Tea Estates Owners / Board of Directors Managing Director Mechanics, Fitters Sardars Asst. Fitters Peon Guards Field Workers Workers Manager Office Accountant Factory Incharge Field Incharge Senior Sardars Clerks Computer Operators Attendance Keeper Sardars Bahidars 1.3. Research question Is the performance appraisal practice key to pay rise, training and development, promotion or termination of the employee in the tea industry of Nepal? 1.4. Research objectives The specific objectives of this study were: To examine how employee performance is appraised in an organization. To evaluate the effectiveness of performance appraisal system in the organization. To analyze the relationship between performance appraisal and the factors like pay rise, training and development, promotion or termination of employee in an organization. 1.5. Justification of research Tea industry which occupies an important position in the national economy is growing extensively mainly in the eastern region of Nepal. It is, being one of the most labor intensive, agro-based industries; it involves a great deal of workforce, which provides direct employment to about 41000 workforces. After the privatization of Nepal Tea Development Corporation in 2000, the change in ownership is also accompanied by deep changes in organizational procedures and culture that could have a profound effect on enterprise behavior and performance (Manandhar, 2002: 37). There have been only a few research studies in the field of human resource management in private enterprises of Nepal. And there has not yet been any specific research conducted in performance appraisal in tea industry of Nepal. So, in view of the poor research-based on performance appraisal and the lack of knowledge existing in this field, the research work is virtually called for the streamlining of performance appraisal practices. Research can lead to an increased understanding of and improvement in performance appraisal practices. It can provide insights for managers as they attempt to increase employee productivity and satisfaction while reducing absences and turnover. Research can also identify potential problem areas related to performance appraisal Lack of specific research in this field has encouraged the researcher to take up the task of conducting a comprehensive research with the purpose of examining and analyzing the actual performance appraisal practices in tea industry of Nepal. This study will reveal a clear picture about the existing state of performance appraisal practices in tea industry. The outcome of the study may serve as a research infrastructure on which further researches can be built. And the information and conclusions derived from this study may be useful and helpful for practicing managers, as well as planners, policy makers and other agencies concerned, through better understanding of performance appraisal practices relating to tea industry. Thus, it is a modest attempt towards examining and understanding performance appraisal practices in tea industry of Nepal. 1.6. Structure of dissertation Chapter 1: Introduction: In the first chapter of dissertation covers with background information followed by the selected organisation of study, research question, research objectives, justification of study, structure of dissertation and end with research framework. Chapter 2: Literature review: The second chapter reviews relevant literature of performance appraisal consisting of academic and institutional researches, seminar and survey reports, and articles. Also it includes purpose of performance appraisal and methods of PA. The literature showed that there is positive and strong relationship between performance appraisal and pay rise, promotion or termination, and training and development of employee. Chapter 3: Methodology: This chapter deals with the general theories of research like phenomenology and positivism and shows the relevance of phenomenology for this research study. Apart from this, it includes the types of research like inductive and deductive research where the researcher applies the inductive research approach. Finally the data collection tools, techniques, analysis and interpretation methods are dealt briefly in this chapter. Chapter 4.Finding/result: This chapter presents all collected data from primary and secondary sources in tabular form for analysis in order to achieve the goal of the dissertation. Chapter 5: Analysis and discuss of finding: This chapter deals with the results of the data analysis and discussion on the findings. Chapter 6: Conclusion and recommendation: This chapter deals with summarizes major findings of the study and forwards some suggestions 1.7. Research framework Figure 1.3. Research framework: PROBLEMS LITERATURE REVIEW OBJECTIVES FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS PROBLEMS CONCLUSIONS PROBLEMS RECOMMENDATIONS PROBLEMS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Primary Data Questionnaires Interviews Secondary Data PAS Model of Tea Industry Analysis of Organisations Operating Systems and Performance CHAPTER: TWO Literature Review 2.1. Performance Appraisal The essence of the concept of the HRM is that people working in the organization are viewed as a valuable resource. If these people are managed properly, they can boost productivity through commitment and capability. HRM lays emphasis on the importance of integrating personnel functions (recruitment, selection, appraisal, reward, development, industrial relations, grievance and discipline, retirement, redundancy, dismissal) into the overall strategic management of the organization obligation on the employees. The effective management of performance is not only vital for the survival of the organization but is also in the best interest of the employees. The underlying assumption of performance management is that the individual employees can satisfy their needs and objectives by contributing to the attainment of the organizations objectives. This may result in employees motivation and greater job-satisfaction which is at the core of HRM (Foot and Hook 2008).The performance appraisal process generally consists of the following six steps as depicted in Figure 1 (Decenzo and Robbins, 1998). Table 2.1. The Performance Appraisal Process Establishment of performance standards Communicate the performance expectations to employees Measure actual amount of performance Compare the actual performance with standards Discuss appraisal with the employee If necessary, take corrective action Performance appraisal begins with the establishment of clear and objective standards of performance evolved out of job analysis and job description. These standards need to be communicated to the employees. Subordinates have to receive and understand the information properly. The third step is the measurement of the actual performance. For this, four measures can be utilized by managers, namely, personal observation, satisfied reports, oval reports and written reports. The fourth step is the comparing of the actual performance with standards. If any deviations are found between standards and actual performance, the manager may proceed to the fifth step to discuss the appraisal with the employees. Final step of appraisal is taking corrective action when it requires The objectives of performance appraisal can be classified by different ways but according to (Harrison, 1995) to the objectives of performance appraisals are i. administrative: which determine orderly way of promotion, transfers and increase of payment. ii. Informative: supplying the relevant data to management team according to performance of subordinates and weakness and strengths of individual. iii. Motivational: create good environment to employee which motivate staff to develop themselves and to improve their performance According to (Randell, et al. 1972) the main purpose of staff appraisal is to evaluate, auditing, constructing succession plans, motivating staff, developing individuals and checking. Similarly according to (Lefton, 1997 ) performance appraisal can be defined by mainly four characteristics a. its formal b. it tries to find out why and how a subordinates is doing the job c. it tries to explore how subordinate can do better way in a job d.it always tries to produce benefits for subordinate, the organization and the superior. Performance evaluation systems in Nepalese organizations are mandatory. The results of performance appraisal are not used in terms of career development, reward management and employee training and development. The results are mostly used to decide whether to promote employees or not (Adhikari, 2006).The main purpose of performance evaluation in government and public enterprises is the promotion of employees. It is not used for performance feedback to employees, reward management and identifying the needs of training and development. In civil service, 40 percent of performance appraisal is confidential and thus non transparent to employee (Agrawal, 2001). Three different approaches exist for doing appraisals. Employees can be appraised against (i) absolute standards, (ii) relative standards, or (iii) objectives (MBO). However, no one approach is always best. Absolute standards are individual oriented whereas relative standards rank individuals. Management by objectives facilitates continuous improvement of performance results. Most of the private sector enterprises in Nepal lack systematic performance appraisal system. Personal judgment and subjective assessment of owner-manager serves as the key criteria for performance appraisal (Agrawal, 1982). Formal and systematic performance appraisal system was non-existent in tea industry of Nepal. Promotion is the vertical movement of an individual in an organizations hierarchy, enhanced status, accompanied by increased responsibilities, and usually with increased income, though it is not always so (Monappa and Engineer, 1999). It is the advancement of an employee to a higher job-rank in the organizational hierarchy accompanied by a pay rise (Pigors and Myers, 1981: 303). Employees consider their ultimate success of their career and performance in terms of the number and frequency of promotion they get during their service. Yoder et al observed that promotion gives incentive to initiative, ambition and enterprise, unrest and minimizes discontent, attracts capable personalities, appropriate logical training of advancement, and forms and effective reward for cooperation and loyalty, long term service, etc. (Yoder,1979). It increases satisfaction in the employees that their talents and capabilities are being recognized. In turn, they trust the organization and devote for the acco mplishment of organizational goals and objectives. In Nepal, the Civil Service Act was promulgated in 1956 which stated that promotion should be given to civil service personnel on the basis of work efficiency (Civil Service rule, 1993). Many changes have been done in the promotion system of the employee in the government organization since that time. The Administrative Reform Commission formed under the chairmanship of Mr. Vedananda Jha suggested that the promotion criteria for civil service personnel should include (a) seniority, (b) experience, (c) academic qualification and training, and (d) departmental performance report including co-operative attitude. Another Administration Reform Commission formed under the chairmanship of Mr. B.B. Thapa noted as promotion occupied special importance in the career development of employees, so capability to hold higher promotion and the capacity to perform the work satisfactory in the present position were the main criteria of promotion (Government of Nepal, 1996, Report of Commission). Amend ments were done in the Civil Service Rules in 1978 and 1983. Similarly the Administrative Reform Committee formed under the chairmanship of the then prime-minister Mr. G.P. Koirala in 1991 emphasized performance oriented promotion system. The new Civil Service Act, 1993 laid stress on performance ability with criteria such as past performance, seniority, work experience of remote area, and academic qualification. Similarly, the comparative weight-ages of promotion criteria of civil service employees were changed after 1992. NASCs study on promotion system of civil services stated that there was lack of clarity in its purpose and no consistency in the average promotion period between level and services. The risk of subjectivity in merit rating was a major apprehension in the minds of civil servants for giving more weight to merit rating. Even the performance evaluators views were in favor of no link of the promotion with the performance. Basic perquisites for sound performance appraisal practices, such as clear organizational and sectional objectives, individual job descriptions, adequate and reliable information system etc. were not properly provided in the civil service. Majorities were in favor of number allotting 50 percent of seats to the promotion by competitive examination as compared to the exiting 25 percent, in some cases even less. Williams (1972) ascertained that managers lacked adequate means or determination to control the motivation and productivity of their workforce. Job description, performance appraisal and output indicators were non-existent; rewards and sanctions were irrationally applied; salaries were not genuinely related to knowledge and or effort requirements; offices had inadequate facilities; poor co-operation and limited delegation. The top of the decision making level was congested by trivialities while middle-level staff were in a soporific frenzy over the responsibilities for complex planning and fiscal matter. The review presented above fairly indicates that the limited attempts have been made to study personnel / HR management practices in public and private enterprises of Nepal. Those studies have shed light on some aspects of personnel / HR management, however, the concluding remark indicates that personnel /HR management in the past remained neglected areas of management. This review a lso indicates that no systematic attempts have been made to study HRM practices in tea industry of Nepal. This knowledge gap has called for a systematic study which could bridge up such a gap. The present study is an attempt in that direction. 2.2. Purpose of performance appraisal It can be appeared at first glance that performance appraisals are applied for a kind id narrow purpose to assess who is doing a better job (or not). Even so genuinely performance appraisals are one of the most various tools available to managers. They may operate many purposes that profit both the employee whose performance is being appraised and the organisation. Table 2.2.Purpose of performance appraisal ADMINISTRATIVE DEVELOPMENT Decide on lay offs Describe individuals weaknesses and strengths Determine retention and termination Describe individual training needs Document personal decisions Provide performance feedback Find out promotion conditions Acknowledge individual performance Determine transfers and assignments Measure goal achievement Describe poor performance Assist in goal identification Evaluate training progress/program Determine the organizational training needs Personal planning Reinforce authority design