The Alchemist ( Book ) - 1461 Words

The Alchemist (Book) The Alchemist (Book) Archetype Pyramid/ Triangle Three (Number) Context In Santiago’s dreams, he sees that he must travel to the Pyramids of Giza in order to find the treasure that is hidden for him. After meeting with Melchizedek, he realizes that it is his â€Å"Personal Legend† to reach the Pyramids and decides to sacrifice everything that he had to accomplish it. Santiago is given three days to turn himself into the wind after making a deal with the chief. During this time, he manipulates the wind and sun and connects with the â€Å"Soul of God† to accomplish his superhuman task. Meaning The pyramids symbolize Santiago’s aspirations and the enlightenment that he will†¦show more content†¦Meaning If Santiago is lost or confused during journey, he will always have Urim and Thummim to guide him and help him understand where the omens want him to be. They also act as a reminder that he cannot complete his quest alone and must call for help at times in order to be successful. His ability to respond omens and ask for help is critical to his success and willingness to fight through the hardships of his journey. The alchemist is testing Santiago to see if he will give up because he believes that the challenge is impossible or fight through it despite the odds. In the end, Santiago decides to ignore his fear that he will fail and decides to use all possible means to accomplish the impossible. When he finally manages to turn into the wind, he learns that he must continue to fight for whatever he wants to achieve, even when hope seems to be gone. Source Temple of Doom (Movie) Temple of Doom (Movie) Archetype Hero The Quest Context After Indy’s plane crashes, he finds himself in a small village in northern India. The villagers believe that he was sent by Shiva to save their abducted children and retrieve the Sivalinga stone from the wicked forces in the Pankot Palace. After the Sivalinga stone is stolen from the village, all of their crops burn and the village enters an extreme famine. The people ask Indy to help them retrieve the sacred stone and free their childrenShow MoreRelatedThe Alchemist Book Review984 Words   |  4 Pages* Mundane Wisdom Book review of â€Å"The Alchemist† Regine Carlo N. Alvarez BSBA-FTM/ I-2 The theme of the phenomenal novel â€Å"The Alchemist† written by Paulo Coelho revolves around dreams, symbols, and adventure. It tells of a young shepherd named Santiago who travels around Andalusia and once dreams of a treasure hidden in the pyramids of Egypt. It is a book full of wisdom and life lessons used to achieved one’s dreams and fulfill self-happiness. The story opens in theRead MoreApplyiing How to Read Literature to the Alchemist1592 Words   |  7 Pagesartist understands that a picture is made up of not just color, texture, and shapes, but also considers the purpose behind each stroke. Foster brings a different meaning to reading a book and draws attention to the author and his or her intention. While applying Fosters teachings to Paulo Coelhos The Alchemist, the main character, Santiagos journey becomes more than a journey- it turns into a quest. Simple drinks and foods turn symbolic into acts of communion and while weather is often overlookedRead MoreThe Life of Paulo Coelho1274 Words   |  5 PagesPaulo Coelho is a famous author that has written many popular works in these past few decades. He is most notably known for The Alchemist, which was written in 1988. The Alchemist was â€Å"one of the greatest best-sellers of all times† (Kaaki). During his lifetime, Coelho went through many obstacles; the most notabl e event was getting an electrical shock when he was in a mental institution and getting placed into prison. He was able to move past all of these difficulties and became a well-known authorRead MoreSummary Of The Abandoned Spanish Building Spain 1625 Words   |  7 PagesSpain: The beginning of the story starts here, at an old building, where Santiago rests with his flock. Just like any character Santiago’s somewhat inexperienced at first and he hasn’t gained the wisdom, experience that he gains by the end of the book. This location’s significance is to be the beginning of his journey that nudges him to look into his dream further. *Town of Tarifa: Santiago comes to this town with his flock to visit a dream interpreter, a gypsy woman. Gypsies are people who representRead MoreThe Alchemist777 Words   |  4 PagesThe Alchemist The Alchemist is a novel first published in 1988 by Brazilian-born author Paulo Coehlo. It has sold more than 65 million copies worldwide, making it one of the best selling books of all time, and has been translated in over 60 languages. The book follows an adventurous shepherd boy named Santiago who has recurring dream leads him on a journey to find hidden treasure. The book begins Santiago has the same troubling recurring dream, when sleeping under a sycamore that grows out ofRead MoreThe Alchemist by Paulo Coelho1168 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Alchemist† was originally written in Portuguese by a famous Brazilian author Paulo Coelho. The book’s original title is â€Å"O Alqumistia†. The book was first published in 1988 which is since then been translated into 56 different languages and is one of the bestselling books of the history. This translation of the book was written by Alan R. Clarke and was first published by Harper Collins Publishers in 1993. The genres of the book are fiction, fantasy, psychology, drama. The writer followingRead MoreTraveling to the Egyptian Pyramids Essay1088 Words   |  5 Pagesif he found his treasure he should give the gypsy women one-tenth of it. The boy started his journey to the Egyptian Pyramids; he was setting a bench when the old man sat on the same bench they started to talk about the book the boy was reading the old man said that book describe people that choose their own destinies and it ends by saying that everyone believes the world’s greatest lie, Santiago discovered that the old man was the king of Salem. The king told Santiago that he has succeeded inRead MoreAnalysis Of Paulo Coelho s The Alchemist 1378 Words   |  6 Pages ASSIGNMENT NAME: Abhishek Aggarwal DIVISION AND ROLL NUMBER: C-003 DATE OF SUBMISSION: 9th MARCH 2016 Title of the book: ‘The Alchemist’ Written by: Paulo Coelho WHY THIS PARTICULAR BOOK? I have always been interested in books and movies which have a strong message.According to the critics’ review,Paulo Coelho’s books have had a life-enhancing impact on millions of people. It tells people that they should follow their dreams and should not be afraid of the failuresRead MoreAlchemy As The Precursor to Modern Medicine Practices1705 Words   |  7 Pages(Bobory Rampling, 2012). The practical and experimental side of alchemy is quite similar to chemistry. Different chemicals were discovered through the practice of alchemy in early times. For example, Johann Rudolph Glauber, a self-educated German alchemist, discovered sodium sulphate, a laxative that was much milder than any alternatives that were available at the time. It became known as â€Å"Glauber’s salt.† Glauber also found ways to produce medicines to fight scurvy and is credited with the developmentRead MoreEssay on The Stranger and the Alchemist1130 Words   |  5 PagesTHE STRA NGER and THE ALCHEMIST Belief and Response Essay As one would make it through The Alchemist or The Stranger they would start to notice a clear separation of what each of these books portray. On one side you have The Alchemist which represents more of a positive outlook on life and following your dreams. On the other you have The Stranger which depicts more of a negative connotation on life. Although these two accounts seem far from each other, they present themes throughout the text that

What Do You Know About the History of the Automobile

The automobile as we know it was not invented in a single day by a single inventor. The history of the automobile reflects an evolution that took place worldwide involving many different innovators. Automobile Defined An automobile or car is a wheeled vehicle that carries its own motor and transports passengers. It is estimated that over 100,000 patents led to the evolution of  the modern automobile. Which Was the First Car? There are disagreements as to which automobile was the first actual car. Some claim it was invented in  1769 with the first self-propelled steam-powered military tractor invented by French engineer Nicolas Joseph Cugnot. Others claim it was  Gottlieb Daimlers vehicle in 1885 or Karl Benzs in 1886 when he patented the first gas-powered vehicles. And, depending on your viewpoint, there are others who believe Henry Ford  invented the first true car due to his perfection of the mass production assembly line and the car transmission mechanism that cars today are modeled from. Abbreviated Timeline of the Automobile Dating back to the Renaissance of the 15th century, Leonardo DaVinci  had drafted theoretical plans for the first automobile, as had Sir Isaac Newton a couple of centuries later. Fast forward 40 years after Newtons death to the moment when French engineer Cugnot unveiled the first steam-powered vehicle. And, almost a century after that,  the  first gas-powered car  and  electric vehicles  made their appearance. The introduction of the  mass production assembly line  was a major innovation that revolutionized the automobile industry. Although Ford was credited with  the  assembly line  process, there were others who came before him. Following the introduction of cars came the need for the  complex system of roads  to drive upon. In the U.S., the first agency tasked with managing road development was the Office of Road Inquiry within the Department of Agriculture, established in 1893. Components of the Car There were many inventions that needed to come together to make the modern day cars we know today. From airbags to windshield wipers, here is a review of some of the components and the dates of discovery to give you a comprehensive look at how exhaustive end-to-end development can be. Component Description Airbags Airbags are a safety feature in cars for the protection of vehicle occupants in the event of a collision. The first recorded patent in the U.S. was in 1951. Air Conditioning The first car with a cooling system for vehicle occupants was the 1940 model year Packard. Bendix Starter In 1910, Vincent Bendix patented the Bendix drive for electric starters, an improvement to the hand-cranked starters of the time. Brakes In 1901, British inventor Frederick William Lanchester patented disc brakes. Car Radio In 1929, American Paul Galvin, the head of Galvin Manufacturing Corporation, invented the first car radio. The first car radios were not available from car makers and consumers had to purchase the radios separately. Galvin coined the name Motorola for the companys new products combining the idea of motion and radio. Crash Test Dummies The first crash test dummy was Sierra Sam created in 1949. Crash test dummies were used in place of humans in simulated auto crashes to test the road safety of automobiles created for mass use. Cruise Control Ralph Teetor, a prolific (and blind) inventor, invented cruise control in 1945 to set a steady speed for a car on the road. Differential Differentials are designed to drive a pair of wheels while allowing them to rotate at different speeds. This invention revolutionized carriage steering in 1810. Driveshaft In 1898, Louis Renault invented the first driveshaft. A driveshaft is a mechanical component for transmitting force and rotation, which connects other components of the drive train, which powers the wheels. Electric Windows Daimler introduced electric windows in cars in 1948. Fender In 1901, Frederick Simms invented the first car fender, which was designed similar to the railway engine buffers of the period. Fuel Injection The first electronic fuel injection system for cars was invented in 1966 in Britain. Gasoline Gasoline, initially a byproduct of kerosene, was discovered to be great fuel for all the new cars that began rolling off the assembly lines. By the early 20th century, the oil companies were producing gasoline as a simple distillate from petroleum. Heater Canadian Thomas Ahearn invented the first electric car heater in 1890. Ignition Charles Kettering was the inventor of the first electrical starter motor ignition system. Internal Combustion Engine An internal combustion engine is an engine that uses the explosive combustion of fuel to push a piston within a cylinder. In 1876, Nikolaus August Otto invented and later patented a successful four-stroke engine, known as the Otto cycle. License Plates The very first license plates were called number plates and were first issued in 1893 in France by the police. In 1901, the state of New York became the first state to require car license plates by law. Spark Plugs Oliver Lodge invented the electric spark plug ignition (the Lodge Igniter) to light the explosive combustion of fuel in the cars engine. Muffler French inventor Eugene Houdry invented the catalytic muffler in 1950. Odometer An odometer records the distance that a vehicle travels. The earliest odometers date back to ancient Rome in 15 BC. However, the modern-day odometer for a carriage that was used to measure mileage was invented in 1854. Seat Belts The first U.S. patent for automobile seat belts was issued to Edward J. Claghorn of New York on February 10, 1885. Supercharger Ferdinand Porsche invented the first supercharged Mercedes-Benz SS SSK sports cars in Stuttgart, Germany in 1923, which gave the combustion engine more power. Third Brake Light In 1974, psychologist John Voevodsky invented the third brake light, a light that is mounted in the base of rear windshields. When drivers press their brakes, a triangle of light will warn following drivers to slow down. Tires Charles Goodyear invented vulcanized rubber that was later used for the first tires. Transmission In 1832, W. H. James invented a rudimentary three-speed transmission. Panhard and Levassor are credited with the invention of the modern transmission installed in their 1895 Panhard. In 1908, Leonard Dyer obtained one of the earliest patents for an automobile transmission. Turn Signals Buick introduced the first electric turn signals in 1938. Power Steering Francis W. Davis invented power steering. In the 1920s, Davis was the chief engineer of the truck division of the Pierce Arrow Motor Car Company and he saw first hand how hard it was to steer heavy vehicles. He developed a hydraulic power steering system that led to power steering. Power steering became commercially available by 1951. Windshield Wipers Prior to the manufacture of Henry Fords Model A, Mary Anderson was granted her first patent for a window cleaning device, later known as windshield wipers, in November 1903.

Marketing Plan For Pomegranate Kitchens - 1696 Words

4. Market-Product focus 4.1 Market and product objectives Pomegranate kitchens currently consists of corporate consumers mostly and a sizeable general market that is gained from online campaigns and WOM. This is a great niche; bit in order to expand the revenue and consumer base, the business should reach out to consumers outside of these locations. This will be executed with their new targeted marketing tactic and launch of new innovative/unique product. Pomegranate Kitchen aims to be sustainable in the next few years and with this positioning tactic, it seems very doable if Pomegranate Kitchens are targeting the markets with appropriate plans. 4.2 Target Market Individual Lunch Delivery The target market for individual lunch delivery†¦show more content†¦Feels concerned about the refugee crisis, but feels powerless to help These consumer needs will lead the business to change the regular lunch provider to Pomegranate Kitchen due to our Unique Value Proposition - healthy, delicious food, delivered to the workplace, with a social conscience. In office catering The target market for in-office catering is corporate partners who want to increase the philanthropic works in their business. These businesses will have a ‘triple bottom line’ or an imperative to incorporate some ethical aspects into their day-to-day business. Targeting Managers and above with this prospect means, direct office Executive Assistants and Administrative workers to use Pomegranate Kitchens services. The Business also wishes to target government agencies, of which there are many in Wellington, using the methods above. In particular, government agencies who are involved with immigration and refugee resettlement will be targeted, such as the Department of Internal Affairs (including Office of Ethnic Affairs); The Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (including Immigration New Zealand); and the Ministry for Foreign Affairs and Trade. Markets for future growth One market for anticipated future growth is packaged ingredients or goods that are connected to our menus, such as spice rubs or condiments for people to use at home. The target market for this is the customers of artisanal gourmet grocery establishments like Moore Wilson’s. TheseShow MoreRelatedMarketing Plan For Pomegranate Kitchen1867 Words   |  8 Pages#0.1 Executive Summary This report will be laying out a comprehensive marketing plan for Pomegranate Kitchen’. The business in brief is a delivery and catering service kitchen that delivers freshly cooked hot food from its production kitchen in wellington to door at low and affordable prices in and around wellington CBD. The company is a social enterprise that employs refugees and empowers them to integrate them into the local community and to create awareness. Further, this report will be explainingRead MoreNew Product Development Process9775 Words   |  40 Pages2011 [ÃŽ  ÃŽ »ÃŽ ·ÃŽ ºÃâ€žÃ ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ »ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ®ÃÆ'Ï„Î µ Ï„Î ¿ ÏÅ'ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ± Ï„Î ·Ãâ€š ÃŽ µÃâ€žÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¹Ã ÃŽ µÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ±Ãâ€š] 1/11/2011 UNIVERSITY OF WALES-BRITISH HELLENIC COLLEGE ASSIGNMENT FOR EBA 314 MARKETING TUTOR: GEORGE PAPADOPOULOS PROJECT MAKERS: MATINA SKLAVOU, ALEXIS ZAGORAS, GEORGE MICHAEL Sweet Balance Restaurant New Service Development Table of Contests: 1) New Service Development Process 1.1) Company Description 2) Industry Analysis 2.1) Market Trends amp; the Future 2.2) Competition 2.3) Healthy Food Alternative Read MoreBusiness Plan for Small Cafe9665 Words   |  39 PagesTable of Content Marketing Plan 4 Introduce the product and/or service 4 Define the Market 4 Company Location 4 Demographics: 5 Demonstrate a market need, define market drivers: 5 Market Segmentation 5 Consumer and Menu Trends 6 Competition: 7 The Market and Competition 8 Government regulation 9 Business Cycle 9 Marketing Strategy 10 Pricing 11 Packaging 11 Advertising 11 Promotions 12 Distribution 13 Selling Incentives 13 Location Analysis 13 New Product Development 13 SalesRead MoreExample of Product Strategy13854 Words   |  56 PagesBristol and Flake. The Company has been able to build on its leadership position because of its single minded focus on value creation for the consumer through significant investments in product design, innovation, manufacturing technology, quality, marketing and distribution. All initiatives are therefore worked upon with the intent to fortify market standing in the long term. This in turns aids in designing products which are contemporary and relevant to the changing attitudes and evolving socio economicRead MoreThe Marketing Strategy Of Dick And Mac Mcdonald5697 Words   |  23 Pagesgood in customer service as well. So these things proves that McDonalds is doing well and will do well in future too if they will be working in a same manner. Task 1 Marketing – Every Organisation in this world needs to do marketing for their business because marketing plays a vital role in every organisation. In simple words, marketing can be defined as the process of communicating, making aware the customers about the product and services of any company. Promotion – According to Scott and SpreigalRead MoreHonest tea Essay6615 Words   |  27 Pagesto drink tea industry. The major milestones in the history of Honest Tea are provided in Table 1. ---------------------------Insert Table 1 about here ----------------------------After five weeks of brewing up different batches of tea in Seth’s kitchen to come up with the right flavors, they finally settled on a variety of five flavors and officially launched Honest Tea in February of 1998. Shortly thereafter, Seth and Barry approached the regional office of Fresh Fields, now Whole Foods MarketRead MoreLevendary Cafà ©6535 Words   |  27 Pagesuniform cleaning at higher-end casual dining restaurants. In a best case scenario, a restaurant might make up to 35% gross margin, but 20% to 25% was more typical. Franchised restaurants also paid a royalty, adding a 3% to 6% cost line, and a marketing fee which added a further 2% to 10% in costs. Depending on the size of the franchise organization, overhead might account for another 5% to 15% of cost. 1 â€Å"Freedonia Focus on Restaurants,† Freedonia Group. February 2011. 2 http://www.bakertillyRead MoreFiji Water Case Study13053 Words   |  53 PagesResnik.9 Following this acquisition, FIJI Water’s corporate headquarters was moved to Los Angeles. While the Fiji Islands-based operation focused on mineral water extraction, bottling and transportation within Fiji, the corporate headquarters handled marketing and logistics functions worldwide. The new owner expanded the Fiji plant’s production capacity by adding a new (third) bottling line in 2006. In 2007, the state-of-the-art factory could churn out more than a million bottles of FIJI Water a day.10Read MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pages2.1 Time performance 7.2.3.1 Cost baseline development 7.3.2.1 Earned value system (F.4) 7.3.2.4 E.V., performance status report 7.3.2.2 E.V., forecasts 7.3.2.3 EV., to complete index (EAC) 7.3.2.5 Schedule and cost variance Developing a Project Plan 4.2.2 Planning tools 6.2 Sequence activities [1.2] 6.5.1 Bar and milestone charts 6.5.2 Critical path method (.2) 6.5.2.6 Lead and lag activities [6.2.3] F.3 Project duration Chapter 14 Project closure Closure report 4.5.1.4 Organization

13. Were The Elizabethans More Bloodthirsty Or Tolerant Of Essay Example For Students

13. Were The Elizabethans More Bloodthirsty Or Tolerant Of Essay violence on stage than we are? In addition to the visible bloodletting, there is endless discussion of past gory deeds. Offstageviolence is even brought into view in the form of a severed head. Itsalmost as though such over-exposure is designed to make it ordinary. At the same time, consider the basic topic of the play, the usurpationof the crown of England and its consequences. These are dramaticevents. They can support the highly charged atmosphere of bloodyactions on stage as well as off. By witnessing Clarences murder,which has been carefully set up, we develop a greater revulsion forits instigator. And even though we are spared the sight of the slayingof the young princes in the Tower, Richards involvement before andafter is carefully exploited. Every drop of blood referred to on stageor in the speeches helps build the effect Shakespeare wishes to achieve. The peace which comes after Richards death is both a relief and a reward. 14. The Elizabethan audience knew from the start t hat Richmond was to become Henry VII, the first Tudor king of England and thegrandfather of their own queen, Elizabeth I. As such, he had only to appear victorious at the plays conclusion. By the time he shows up, matters have progressed to a point where Richards downfall is inevitable. But what good would victory be if the opposition hadmerely caved in? Shakespeare had to build Richmonds importance notonly to satisfy history but to fulfill the dramatic development of theplot. By sprinkling his name into the preceding scenes, Shakespearemakes Richmonds arrival a matter of importance. Once Richmond appears on stage, he never makes a false step or says the wrong thing. Ifhis dialogue sounds slightly flat, it may be a deliberate contrastto that of the fiery, passionate Richard. Here is a man of reasonwho makes his mark with heroic action rather than words. In the duel scene, Richmond has an opportunity to achieve the stature denied him in speech.TEST 2 1. B2. A3. B4. A5. B6. B7. C8. A9 . C10. B11. From the start, Buckingham is only too willing to provide hissupport for Richards schemes. He immediately allies himself withRichard by scorning his exemption from Margarets curse. From then on,he willingly shares the risk for his share of the spoils. Remember,patronage is an important issue. During Edward IVs reign, QueenElizabeth saw to it that her relatives and supporters were takencare of. Buckingham saw Richard as his key to prosperity. Hisinsistence on his reward in the face of his hesitation to participate in the killing of the princes leads to his loss of Richards trust- and to his final destiny.12. The actor playing the role of Richard must have great strength to endure the demands of being on stage in so many differentsituations and for such a long time. But what of the character Richard? Could he have been the successful warrior he is credited withbeing in the past if he were seriously crippled? Could he have performed the physical demands required by the batt le in the finalscenes? If he is unhorsed, surely he is capable of riding. Andwhat about his rapid, sudden turns throughout the play? Review thephysical action that must accompany so much of his dialogue and see ifyou think his deformity was as much a handicap as a convenient excuse.The judgment of Hastings is one place where he certainly exploitsit, but see if you can find others.13. From the beginning, Richard develops an intimate associationwith the audience as he shares his innermost thoughts. Couched as asort of confessional, he confides that he is going to behave wickedly. As such, he virtually invites the audience to come alongwith him as he proceeds with his business. Periodically, he reviewsand recaptures that spirit. Margaret, on the other hand, treats theaudience as more of a witness than a partner. She speaks less insoliloquies than in choral recitations. Because so much ofMargarets presence is a symbolic as well as an actual reminder ofpast events, she is less involved i n the action. Her power restsmainly in her ability to witness the past and predict the future.Those on stage may choose to ignore her, but those out front cannot. 14. Stanley walks a narrow line throughout the play. Although aneasy answer might be that he never actually did anything to opposeRichard, wasnt his act of withholding support just as harmful? This is how Richard saw things when he ordered George Stanley to be beheaded. But can you accept Richards judgment? Stanley, more thanany other, represents the middle road, or at least a firm commitment to neutrality. Some may find his professed loyalty to Richard andsecret meeting with Richmond enough to condemn him as a traitor.Others may find him the victim of a conscience that allows him to makeno open choice. Remember the Stanley who dreamed of impendingdisaster? Contrast him with the hasty, naive Hastings.TERM PAPER IDEAS AND OTHER TOPICS FOR WRITING1. Richard III has been called Shakespeares first fullydeveloped character in t hat we see many sides of his personality. Do any other characters in this play show more than one side? If so, who?And how? 2. What part do children play in Richard III? Are they believable? 3. How important are clergymen, the archbishops, bishops, andpriests in Richard III? Are they different from other members of the court? Discuss. 4. Discuss the role of Buckingham. Is he better or worse, wiseror more foolish than Richards other victims? 5. Revenge and the quest for justice dominate the action in RichardIII. Discuss individual examples and their relevance to this majortheme.6. Discuss the attitude toward adultery in Richard III.7. How successful is the use of stychomythia, the short staccatodialogue used frequently by Richard and others? What effect does itcreate in the courtship scenes?8. Animal imagery is used repeatedly. What dramatic function does it fulfill?9. Discuss the importance of the scenes involving common peoplesuch as murderers, the scrivener, and the pursuivant?10. Richard is a brother, a husband, an uncle, and a son tovarious characters in the play. Analyze his behavior in each case.11. We often hear the lamentations of mothers in Richard III, butthere are fathers in the play too. Discuss their relationships totheir children. 12. One objective of Richard III is to conclude the events set inmotion by the first usurpation, the overthrow of Richard II. Do youfeel this play explains and wraps it all up successfully? 13. Compare your own knowledge of the historic Richard withShakespeares Richard. What obvious changes in history did Shakespearemake? Why did he do so?14. Corrupt governments can be found in all historical periods.Compare the corrupt administration of either Richard III or EdwardIV with a 20th-century example.15. Although political executions take place throughout Richard III,there is some concern for due process. Cite various examples anddiscuss their significance to the play as a whole. THE CRITICSON RICHARDS CHARACTERIf Richard is something like the Renaissance will incarnate, he is equally, in his total, eager submission to it, evil incarnate. Whatever his lusty attractiveness, we cannot deny that he treats all men, even himself finally, as mere objects. Too late he discovers,to his amazement and confusion, that he too has feelings, issubjective and subjected, in more than will and conscious self-control. Herein lies his repulsiveness. His is a Dionysianismso passionately self-serving, so deliberate if not cold-blooded, that,corrosive rather than life-giving like the Dionysian at its best, it turns all not only to destruction but to cheapness, ignominy,pointlessness. -Theodore Weiss, The Breath of Clowns and Kings, 1974 The great stories of murder are about men who could not have done itbut who did. They are not murderers, they are men. And their stories will be better still when they are excellent men; not merely brilliantand admirable, but also, in portions of themselves which we inferrather than see. Ri chard is never quite human enough. The spectacleover which he presides with his bent back and his forked tongue cantake us by storm, and it does. It cannot move our innermost minds withthe conviction that in such a heros death the world has lost whatonce had been or might have been the most precious part of itself.Richard is never precious as a man. He is only stunning in his craft, a serpent whose movements we follow for their own sake, because in themselves they have strength and beauty. -Mark Van Doren, Shakespeare, 1939 ON RICHMONDS FUNCTIONThe astonishing thing about this play is that until almost theend, there is no sign of a possible antagonist, no visible secularforce that can bring the tyrant down. Richmond is not even mentioned until Act IV, and appears in only the last three scenes. He is little more than a deus ex machina let down from above to provide aresolution both for the immediate action of this play and for thelong-continued drama of conflict between York and Lanc aster. -George J. Becker, Shakespeares Histories, 1977 RICHARD III AS TRAGEDYThus Shakespeare pictured the dominating sins in the play as perjuryand murder, sins against the moral order. He portrayed and analyzedthe passion of ambition that caused Richard to sin and the passionof fear that at the same time punished him for his sins and forced himto wade still further in blood. He inserted non-historical scenesdeveloping the Elizabethan philosophy of revenge. He used thesupernatural to enhance the horror of the play and to contribute tothe impression of a divine vengeance meting out punishment for sin. Heshowed Gods revenge exacted through the agency of the evil Richard, who was nevertheless to be held to account for his evil-doing. He madeuse of the pathos of the death of the royal children. These are thecommon methods of Shakespearean tragedy, and they justify those whohold Richard III to be a tragedy. -Lily B. Campbell, Shakespeares Histories: Mirrors of Elizabethan Policy, 1968. COMEDY IN RICHARD IIIRichards sense of humor, his function as clown, his comicirreverences and sarcastic or sardonic appropriations of things to (atany rate) his occasions: all those act as underminers of our assumed naive and proper Tudor principles; and we are on his side much rather because he makes us (as the Second Murderer put it) take the devil in mind, than for any historical-philosophical-Christian-retributional sort of motive.In this respect a good third of the play is a kind of grisly comedy; in which we meet the fools to be taken in on Richards terms, see themwith his mind, and rejoice with him in their stultification (in which execution is the ultimate and unanswerable practical joke, the absolutely final laugh this side of the Day of Judgment). -A. P. Rossiter, Angel With Horns: The Unity of Richard III, in Shakespeare, The Histories, ed. Eugene M. Waith, 1965 ADVISORY BOARDWe wish to thank the following educators who helped us focus ourBook Notes series to meet stu dent needs and critiqued our manuscripts to provide quality materials.Sandra Dunn, English TeacherHempstead High School, Hempstead, New York Lawrence J. Epstein, Associate Professor of EnglishSuffolk County Community College, Selden, New YorkLeonard Gardner, Lecturer, English DepartmentState University of New York at Stony Brook Beverly A. Haley, Member, Advisory CommitteeNational Council of Teachers of English Student Guide Series Fort Morgan, ColoradoElaine C. Johnson, English TeacherTamalpais Union High School District Mill Valley, CaliforniaMarvin J. LaHood, Professor of EnglishState University of New York College at BuffaloRobert Lecker, Associate Professor of EnglishMcGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada David E. Manly, Professor of Educational Studies State University of New York College at GeneseoBruce Miller, Associate Professor of EducationState University of New York at BuffaloFrank OHare, Professor of English and Director of WritingOhio State University, Columbus, O hio Faith Z. Schullstrom, Member, Executive Committee National Council of Teachers of EnglishDirector of Curriculum and InstructionGuilderland Central School District, New YorkMattie C. Williams, Director, Bureau of Language ArtsChicago Public Schools, Chicago, Illinois BIBLIOGRAPHY FURTHER READINGHISTORICAL BACKGROUND Fraser, Antonia, ed. The Lives of the Kings and Queens of England. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1980. Covers the reigns of HenryVI, Edward IV, and Richard III.Saccio, Peter. Shakespeares English Kings. New York: Oxford University Press, 1977.Seward, Desmond. Richard III, Englands Black Legend. New York:Franklin Watts, 1984. A strong argument for the traditional view ofRichard as the evil murderer and usurper. CRITICAL WORKSBecker, George J. Shakespeares Histories. New York: Unger, 1977.A review of the ten history plays and their common themes.Blankpied, John W. Time and the Artist in Shakespeares Early Histories. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1983.Campbel l, Lily B. Shakespeares Histories: Mirrors of Elizabethan Policy. San Marino, California: The Huntington Library,1968. Detailed review of topical themes.Rossiter, A. P. Angel With Horns: The Unity of Richard III, inShakespeare, The Histories, ed. Eugene M. Waith. Englewood Cliffs, NewJersey: Prentice-Hall, 1965.Tillyard, E. M. W. Shakespeares History Plays. London: Chatto ;Windus, 1964. A study of the underlying principles found inShakespeares history plays with emphasis on their origins.Weiss, Theodore. The Breath of Clowns and Kings. New York: Atheneum,1974. The use of language in Shakespeares early comedies andhistory plays. Van Doren, Mark. Shakespeare. New York: Henry Holt, 1939. AUTHORS WORKSShakespeare wrote 37 plays (38 if you include The Two Noble Kinsmen)over a 20-year period, from about 1590 to 1610. Its difficult todetermine the exact dates when many were written, but scholars havemade the following intelligent guesses about his plays and poems:PLAYS1588-93The Comedy of Errors 1588-94Loves Labours Lost 1590-912 Henry VI1590-913 Henry VI1591-921 Henry VI1592-93Richard III1592-94Titus Andronicus1593-94The Taming of the Shrew1593-95The Two Gentlemen of Verona 1594-96Romeo and Juliet1595 Richard II1594-96A Midsummer Nights Dream1596-97King John 1596-97The Merchant of Venice1597 1 Henry IV1597-982 Henry IV1598-1600 Much Ado About Nothing1598-99Henry V1599 Julius Caesar1599-1600 As You Like It 1599-1600 Twelfth Night1600-01Hamlet1597-1601 The Merry Wives of Windsor 1601-02Troilus and Cressida 1602-04Alls Well That Ends Well1603-04Othello1604 Measure for Measure1605-06King Lear 1605-06Macbeth1606-07Antony and Cleopatra 1605-08Timon of Athens 1607-09Coriolanus1608-09Pericles 1609-10Cymbeline 1610-11The Winters Tale1611-12The Tempest1612-13Henry VIII Gun Control in the US Essay